=Paper=
{{Paper
|id=Vol-421/paper-4
|storemode=property
|title=Supporting Documentation and Evolution of Crosscutting Concerns in Business Processes
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-421/paper4.pdf
|volume=Vol-421
|dblpUrl=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/icsoc/Francescomarino08
}}
==Supporting Documentation and Evolution of Crosscutting Concerns in Business Processes==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-421/paper4.pdf
Supporting Documentation and Evolution of
Crosscutting Concerns in Business Processes
Chiara Di Francescomarino
supervised by Paolo Tonella
dfmchiara@fbk.eu - Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Trento, Italy
Abstract. Business processes can be very large and can contain many
different concerns, scattered across the process and tangled with other
concerns. Crosscutting concerns are difficult to find, locate and modify
in a consistent way, thus making process maintenance and reuse hard,
even for business experts.
In this work, we address the problem of supporting business designers
when they need to document existing crosscutting concerns and when
they work on their evolution. We propose to add semantic annotations
from a domain ontology to BPMN process elements in order to be able, on
their basis, to manually or semi-automatically mine concerns crosscutting
the process. Once modularized separately from the principal process flow,
we aim at supporting the consistent evolution of all the process parts they
crosscut, by means of a BPMN-based rule language.
1 State of the Art
Business processes can be very large and involve many different perspectives.
Business process (BP) description and modelling languages provide means for
describing the main views which define the principal decomposition of the busi-
ness process, such as the control flow, data flow and performers. Though allowing
to represent these perspectives, the available languages are not able to capture
all different types of relevant features in the process, above all if scattered across
the process and tangled with one another. This lacking capacity in identification
and explicit representation of crosscutting concerns (CCs) results not only in
difficulties during process comprehension, but also in a challenging maintenance
and evolution phase.
In order to improve process flexibility, to make maintenance and evolution
easier and to improve reuse, the Business Process Community made several
attempts, such as flexible and dynamic processes and generic processes [1, 2].
An aspect is a module composed by pointcut designators and advices. A
pointcut provides a condition to specify a set of so called join points, i.e., precise
points in the execution flow that the aspect intercepts, by means of some quan-
tification mechanism. An advice, instead, specifies how to realize the concern and
when in the join points of interest the concern execution has to be activated, thus
realizing the AOP (Aspect Oriented Programming) obliviousness (the primary
program ignores advices) [3].
Recently, AOP has investigated the migration of existing systems to aspects.
Such transformation process involves at least two steps: (1) identification of
scattered and tangled concerns (i.e. aspect mining); (2) migration of crosscut-
ting concerns into actual aspects (i.e. aspect refactoring). A number of different
techniques have been developed to (partially) automate aspect mining. Some of
them rely on Formal Concept Analysis (FCA).
The AOP approach has already been applied to a specific process executable
description language, BPEL (Business Process Execution Language). AO4BPEL [4]
is a dynamic aspect oriented extension of BPEL, enriched with concepts for de-
scribing pointcut designators (XPath expressions to locate the places where the
aspect is applied) and advices (fragments of BPEL code). A similar approach,
mainly differing from AO4BPEL in the advice language has been proposed by
Verheecke et al. [5]. Padus [6] is yet another aspect-oriented BPEL extension,
but without dynamic weaving and improving portability.
All the cited works mainly focus on the developers’ perspective, without
considering that, in practice, business designers prefer a higher level modelling
notation, such as BPMN (Business Process Modelling Notation). Moreover, ex-
plicit decomposition of the process into totally separate modules for the aspects,
may hinder, instead of simplifying, process design and comprehension.
In order to address the SoC (Separation of Concerns) problem in general
purpose code, several tools (e.g. JQuery [7]) support programmers in source code
navigation and concern localization. We propose a similar approach for BPs. In
order to help business experts to understand and maintain BPs, we introduce
a visual language for querying BP models. However, since the raw syntactical
information available in BPMN diagrams is not enough for characterizing the
concerns being mined, we add semantic expressiveness to models by means of
semantic annotations.
BP semantic annotation techniques have already been proposed by several
authors (e.g. [8]), for different process description languages and addressing dif-
ferent issues. The main purpose of semantic annotations in this work is another
one. By allowing to manually (via the query language) or semi-automatically
(via FCA) mine for business domain CCs and to reason about domain ontology
concepts, they aim to support concern documentation and domain constraint
compliance.
This work supports business experts in BP crosscutting concern documenta-
tion and evolution, thus contributing to process understandability, maintainabil-
ity and evolvability. In order to achieve this goal, we devise a four-fold contribu-
tion to the state of the art: (1) we propose to enrich BP models with semantic
annotations and suggest to support the business designer both in the annotation
phase, by suggesting correct annotations or verifying user-defined ones, and in
the related domain ontology building and/or enrichment activity; (2) we define
an easy-to-use, visual query language for querying BPs and we support the busi-
ness user in formulating queries and visualizing the results; (3) we investigate a
technique for the automatic mining of candidate CCs in BPs; (4) we propose a
method to document CC evolution and, whenever any CC changes, to update
all modules it crosscuts, in an automatic or semi-automatic way.
The paper is organized as follows: in Section 2 we give an overview of our
research directions; in Section 3 we detail one of such directions (the visual query
language for exploration and documentation of CCs in BPs); finally, conclusions
and future works are presented in Section 4.
2 Crosscutting Concern Documentation and Evolution
Although BPMN allows the explicit representation of the main views of a process,
it often leaves implicit the crosscutting features. Knowledge about the crosscut-
ting functionalities pertains to the BP semantic (vs. syntactic) description, but
”BPM doesn’t provide a uniform representation of an organization’s process
space as a whole on a semantic level which would be accessible to intelligent
queries and inference” [8].
Business Process Semantic Annotation. In order to supply BPs with
semantic information from the business domain, we propose to semantically an-
notate them with concepts taken from a business domain ontology. For the se-
mantic annotation of BPMN elements, we use a standard BPMN textual anno-
tation, augmented with an ”@” before the semantic concept. Such annotations
open to the possibility of reasoning about semantic properties, thus facilitating
the compliance with possible predefined constraints, the process of manual or
semi-automatic crosscutting concern mining and the consistent update of all the
modules crosscut by a modified documented feature.
An example of a semantically annotated BPMN diagram is shown in Figure 2.
It represents a process for realizing an assembled product starting from three
raw products. All the flow objects in the process are annotated with concepts
taken from a “buying and selling” domain ontology.
Fig. 1. An example of a semantically annotated BPMN process.
Clearly business designers need to be supported in the semantic annotation
phase. On one hand they can be supplied with annotation suggestions compliant
with possible predefined constraints and, on the other, mechanisms for the au-
tomatic compliance verification of user defined annotations with constraints can
be provided. Moreover, they will also be supported in ontology building or en-
richment by means of dedicated tools and techniques. We plan to use an ad-hoc
linguistic analysis for ontology extraction from process entity labels, since avail-
able ontology learning techniques are not applicable to small textual corpora
such as those represented by process labels.
BPMN Visual Query Language. In order to support crosscutting concern
documentation, understanding and evolution, we propose the use of a query
language able to quantify on the BP elements, thus localizing the concerns of
interest. By carefully considering usability of the query language (it is supposed
to be used by business designers), we chose a language as close as possible to
what business experts already know: BPMN itself. We slightly extended BPMN
to BPMN VQL (Visual Query Language), so as to make it usable for query
purposes as well. BPMN VQL is described in more detail in Section 3.
Concern Mining. The support provided by query languages and concern
browsers is of fundamental importance, but it still involves substantial effort from
the users, thus breaking the ease-of-use requirement of business designers. It can
be complemented by an automated concern mining tool, which automatically
suggests candidate CCs to designers, both structural (e.g. workflow patterns)
and business domain oriented (e.g. purchasing activities). In order to achieve
this goal, we investigated novel aspect mining techniques for BPs, based on
FCA (more details in [9]).
Crosscutting Concern Aspectization. Once CCs are known and their
existence is documented (through a collection of queries), their evolution too has
to be supported and documented. Changing a crosscutting concern, due to its
scattered and tangled nature, is not a trivial job. The update has to be applied
in a consistent way to all the concern occurrences and the tangled subparts.
Manually executing the change is a tedious and error-prone task. In order to
support business designers, we propose to use a BPMN-based rule-language, that
extends BPMN VQL with an “update” part in order to support BP manipulation
at selected points. The rule could be either weaved and stored, in order to only
document the concern changes (and potentially re-weaved whenever the designer
wants) or it can be kept alive during workflow editing, in order to detect any
possible violation of the rule, giving rise to a warning and a (semi-)automated
fix (more details in [9]).
3 BPMN Visual Query Language
The exploration of large BPs and the retrieval of interesting CCs can be a dif-
ficult and time consuming task for business experts. In order to support them,
we propose a query language able to quantify over the BP elements, localize
interesting concerns and, once identified, present them to users by visually high-
lighting their occurrences in the process diagram. Since a critical issue of the
query language is usability, the proposed language is a visual language based on
BPMN, the standard language business designers use for representing BPs.
The BPMN Visual Query Language (BPMN VQL) allows to formulate queries
by using standard BPMN graphical notation and new specific operators. More-
over, the language provides a different notation to distinguish between the “match-
ing” part of the query, that determines the criterion to match, and the “selection”
part (characterized by darker background, thicker lines and bold font style), that
allows to visualize only the selected subpart of the matching result.
In the following subsection we present some examples of uses of the BPMN
VQL referring to the product assembly process shown in Figure 2. In order
to formalize the queries and give them a precise semantics, we provide their
translation into SPARQL, an RDF-based query language More details about
the language can be found in our Technical Report ([9]).
3.1 BPMN VQL Use Cases.
The BPMN VQL can be used to query for any concern of interest that is part
of the business process design. A simple example is provided in Figure 2.
For particularly relevant concerns, it makes sense to store the query as part
of the design artefacts and to keep it as a precise documentation of the design
choices related to the specific concern. For example, the business designer, in
order to be compliant with specific privacy laws or business strategies, could be
interested in storing the concern related to the product supplier search manage-
ment as a relevant design feature. The query is shown in Figure 3.
Moreover, availability of design artefacts documenting the relevant concerns
of a BP is particularly useful when the process design evolves, due to new cus-
tomer requests or to environmental changes.
Fig. 2. Query asking for all the activi-
ties (both tasks and subprocesses) that Fig. 3. Query asking for all the activities that search sup-
buy something (left) and query result pliers and, if any, the “SupplierData” data objects they
(right). produce (left). On the right the query results.
4 Conclusion and future works
We aim at realizing a framework able to support business users in BP CC doc-
umentation and evolution. Up to now we have: (1) studied and partially imple-
mented techniques both for semi-automatic semantic annotation of BPs and for
domain ontology building and enrichment; (2) defined a BPMN VQL for query-
ing BPs; (3) investigated, adapted and developed approaches for semi-automatic
mining of business domain CCs; (4) studied rule languages for CC evolution.
In the future we will complete the implementation of tools for the user sup-
port in BP semantic annotation and domain ontology building; in the visual
querying of business processes; in the semi-automatic mining of CCs; and in
their evolution. Moreover, we will continue our research in the following direc-
tions: (1) linguistic analysis and normalization techniques, aimed at ontology
construction; (2) ontology reasoning and constraint definition and compliance;
(3) FCA analysis criteria, to provide more automation during the identification
of concern candidates; (4) new mining techniques, based on structural prop-
erties of the workflow; (5) weaving and re-weaving of aspectized concerns; (6)
validation of the benefits gained by applying the suggested methodologies to case
studies involving business users; (7) extension to the process execution phase.
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