=Paper=
{{Paper
|id=Vol-494/paper-14
|storemode=property
|title=Directing Status Messages to their Audience in Online Communities
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-494/coinpaper5.pdf
|volume=Vol-494
|dblpUrl=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/mallow/StankovicPL09
}}
==Directing Status Messages to their Audience in Online Communities==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-494/coinpaper5.pdf
1
Directing Status Messages to their Audience in
Online Communities
Milan Stankovic, Philippe Laublet Alexandre Passant
LaLIC Digital Enterprise Research Institute
Université Paris IV – Sorbonne, Paris, France NUI-Galway, Galway, Ireland
milan@milstan.net, philippe.laublet@paris-sorbonne.fr alexandre.passant@deri.org
suitable for a certain audience. For example, some status
Abstract— In this paper we present the results of our user message updates may have no significance for certain groups
study about status message sharing on the Social Web. The study of contacts that consider them as information noise. It is a
revealed the privacy and information noise (sometimes common case that we subscribe to someone’s statuses because
originating from gap of understanding and sometimes from lack
of significance) to be the key problems in the domain and allowed
of the interest in professional news he/she is sharing, but aside
us to unveil their nature. Further on we present the existing we get a lot of postings about the person’s personal life that
solutions and workarounds for those problems and introduce the don’t interest us. Problems like those limit in a great deal, the
idea that Semantic Web technologies could help confront those usefulness of today’s status sharing services (mostly
problems in a more complete way. We propose a way to use microblogging services and Social Networks)
semantic descriptions of status messages, their intended audiences In order to explore more deeply the nature of the problem of
and distributed data about users to direct status messages to their
intended recipients. Particularly, we rely on the Online Presence confidentiality and other key problems in status message
Ontology as a vocabulary for exposing status message semantics, sharing in large communities on the Social Web we conducted
and we provide necessary extensions to support status message a qualitative user study with subjects who are using status
directing. messages for different purposes and in different contexts. The
goal of the study was to develop understanding of the key
Index Terms—Faceted Identity, Linked Data, Online Presence, problems, factors that make a status message open or
Social Web, Social Networks.
confidential – that determine its intended audience. Apart from
understanding the problems, the study allowed us to explore
I. INTRODUCTION
the space of possible solutions. In Section 2 we present the
S TATUS messages are short textual expressions that
describe the state of a user’s presence in the online world.
Sharing status messages on different social services on the
results of our user study. Section 3 presents the Presence
Diamond, a useful notion for the study of presence online as a
faceted phenomenon. Section 4 lists currently available
Web (Microblogging services, Instant Messaging platforms, solutions for problems identified in the study. In Section 5 we
Social Networks) became a common practice for people to introduce a way to direct a status message to its intended
share thoughts, feelings of the moment, announce one’s audience using Semantic Web technologies, and we show how
presence in the online world and broadcast information. those technologies are flexible to support even dynamic
However, as more and more users take part in status message audience definitions (where members of the audience change
sharing, the open communities become overloaded with status frequently). Section 6 presents related work and in Section 7
updates. Many problems arise from such an overload. Firstly, we conclude the paper.
confidentiality of status messages in open communities is a
significant question, since not all status messages are meant for II. THE USER STUDY
general public. Some should be kept private from certain
The user study was conducted through a series of ten
contacts who might use them in an inappropriate way. An
interviews with users of social networks and microblogging
example could be a status message revealing somebody’s
platforms who have been using them for status message
drinking habits, meant to amuse personal friends, but the same
sharing for some time (a year in average). The 30-35 minute
status message could be a source of inconvenience if shown to
interviews were field-noted and audio recorded for further
work colleagues.
reference. Users’ age ranged from 22 to 35. This choice
Apart from private nature of some status messages there are
proved to correspond well to demographics of users of the
other reasons why a particular status message might not be
most active microblogging services (documented in a
statistical report done by Pew Internet1). Equal number of male
Manuscript received July 30, 2009.
and female subjects, from France and Ireland, with different
The work presented in this paper has been funded in part by Science
Foundation Ireland under Grant No. SFI/08/CE/I1380 (Lìon-2).
1
http://www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2009/Twitter-and-status-updating.aspx
2
origins and backgrounds, took part in the interviews. another service (Twitter in our case).
After a couple of questions about users’ background, users Some status messages bear a socially established meaning,
were asked to tell their status message publishing experiences. understood by a small community of people, like those
The main goal was to identify their context in the time of containing internal jokes, or internal aliases and metaphors.
publishing, nature of the status message content and the Such status messages may be misinterpreted by people outside
intended audience. The inconveniences and the inability of that small community and may be source of
microblogging tools and social networks to meet their status misunderstandings, inappropriate comments and other
message sharing needs were also explored. inconveniences.
Once we collected the user stories, we relied on Grounded
B. Lack of Significance
Theory inspired approach to extract relevant categories from
them, and further generalize the categories to super-categories In other cases, a status message is not intended for some
that we call – major issues. Open and Axial coding were used people simply because they have no interest in it. This is the
with participation of two researchers in order to reduce the case when a status message relates to a certain domain and
impact of subjectivity. thus can be of significance only to people with an interest in
Grounded Theory was introduced by Glaser and Strauss [1] the domain. This case is common when people make
and has served ever since for analysis of results in qualitative connections based on a shared interest, stay in touch and then
research in Social Sciences. Grounded Theory is an approach use status messages to spread domain related news, announce
to looking systematically at qualitative data to derive codes events and provoke discussions. In some cases it is the interest
and group them into relevant categories that will further be in the domain that makes a certain group of people not
generalized into concepts that make the ground for generating interested in other non domain-related status messages of a
a theory. Generalizations are derived by thinking efforts of user. For people who are not familiar with the domain such
researchers. Due to a space limit, in this paper we present only messages can represent noise.
a part of our findings - the highest level generalizations, and In other cases some groups of people might not be able to
we briefly describe them with some of the lower level make use of the information in the status message which has
generalizations that we find the most relevant to our intended an informative purpose. This is the case with status messages
readers. highly dependent on location – like those containing
Generally we discovered that many times when users invitations to local parties and announcements of local events.
publish a status message, they have a certain audience in mind. In both cases such status messages are irrelevant to people
The status message is intended for a particular audience either from other locations who could not make use of the
because of its ability to understand the message (or the announcement.
inability of others to understand it properly) either because of C. Privacy
significance of the message for a certain group (and Privacy is an issue that occurs when a user wants to
insignificance for others) or because of the confidential nature explicitly restrict access to some groups of contacts for some
of the status message content. The next three sections present types of status message or even only for a particular status
those major issues – reasons why a status message has its message. It is usually related to groups of higher granularity,
particular audience. like the case of separating status messages for work and
A. Gap of Understanding private contacts. People usually perceive some content types
In many cases where a certain status message is not meant (like feelings and moods or travel experiences) to be suitable
for a certain group of people it is because of their inability to only for closer contacts or contacts of a more private nature,
understand, properly interpret and maybe even reply to the while those status messages should be kept private from some
content of the message. Sometimes the inability arises from other (more professional) groups of contacts.
shallow acquaintance like in cases where the user publishing Some users, on the other hand express concern about the
a status messages knows a certain group of people for a short possibilities to track their status messages to the past and
time. The shallowness of acquaintance can be an obstacle for draw conclusions about their personality which would be out
this group of people to understand jokes, metaphors and of their control. The concern is expressed about the
properly interpret the intended meanings of status messages. uncontrolled data integration possibilities across services and
Sometimes the gap of understanding results from lack of attempts to integrate status messages with other content about
competence like in cases where users use status messages to the user and thus perform some spy-like behavior.
ask for advice, or provoke professional discussions. This
problem is also present in scenarios of automatic postings of III. THE PRESENCE DIAMOND
status messages across services (e.g. automatic forwarding Once we acknowledge that many status messages have an
from Twitter to Facebook) where mostly different audiences intended audience and that access to them should in some
are present on different services. Quite often personal friends cases be restricted to that particular audience (in cases of
from one service (Facebook in our case) don’t understand and confidential messages), it becomes clear that one user might
find irrelevant the profession-related status messages posted on have different status messages for different audiences at the
3
same time. developed as features of Social Web sites. For each of these
In fact, emitting different information (appearances) to solutions we discuss its incompleteness.
different groups of observers is not restricted to status
A. User Workarounds
messages, but spans the whole notion of online presence. By
the term online presence we refer to the totality of information Some users manage to separate their contacts on different
that allows perceiving one’s presence in online communities. Social Web services, by taking into account the nature of
Apart from status messages as an element of presence, relationship with a particular contact. For example, a number
availability for interaction might also have a faceted nature and of users maintain a list of work-related contacts on twitter
be different for different groups at different times. One can while having a more personal network of friends on Facebook,
easily imagine a working situation where a user is available for and then share different status message updates for the
interaction only with his work colleagues and busy for all the different audiences. This way status messages related to
others. Access to different presence information might also be private life can be kept confidential from work colleagues, and
given only to specific groups of contacts (like in the case of personal friends don’t have to be bothered by work related
sharing the current location only with closest friends). postings. However, the fact that some contacts use only one
Therefore, there is a need to look at the notion of online social network stands in the way of such a separation. If some
presence as a faceted phenomenon. For this reason we of the user’s work colleagues use only Facebook, then
introduce the notion of the presence diamond (Figure 1.) to maintaining the separation would mean not connecting at all
capture the faceted nature of presence and the need to appear with those persons. Apart from this limitation, if the separation
differently to different groups of people. by purpose is not done at the start, it is hard to impose it once
the user has accepted different types of contacts to his/her
social network.
Another way to deal with the identified issues is just to
restrict oneself to publishing only status messages acceptable
for the wide audience. Some users choose not to publish too
personal status messages because work-related contacts might
Figure. 1. The Presence Diamond2 see them, and not to publish work-related status messages
because they might not be of interest to their friends. This
The notion of presence diamond allows us to look at a
approach limits the potential of status message sharing in a
person’s online presence as a diamond whereby different
great deal excluding many professional and staying-in-touch
observers are introduced to different facets of the diamond.
use cases.
Facets differ among themselves in different types of presence
data that is accessible by observers of a facet (like in cases B. Solutions developed by Social Web Sites
where one group of observers can access a person’s location, Solutions for niche microblogging and micro-broadcasting
availability and a status message, and another group can access began to emerge recently. Those Social Web sites allow for
only the status message), different granularity of data (like broadcasting of status messages in closed communities (like in
in the case of sharing the exact location with closest friends ShoutEm3) or to people gathered around a certain interest (like
and only the current city/country with strangers), and in in Static4). However they mostly require intended recipients of
different data that is emitted to different observers (like the status message updates to join each closed community
having different status messages and different availability for which can get quite complicated having in mind the number of
different groups of contacts). intended audiences a user might have. This approach certainly
Even though we focus on status messages in this paper, we leads to social network fatigue – a phenomenon of loss of
will look at the problem of directing status messages to their motivation to participate in yet another social network when
intended audience as a sub-problem of enabling faceted online confronted with joining many social networks and building
presence, and will therefore favor solutions general enough to identities on them.
address the faceted nature of presence as a whole. The new service E5 can be used to manage adding different
people to different social networks according to the nature of
IV. INCOMPLETE WAYS TO DEAL WITH STATUS MESSAGE the acquaintance (e.g. adding friends to Facebook and business
DIRECTING contacts to MySpace). However, it is hard to enforce this
Some ways to direct status message updates to a particular separation since not all users are present on each of those
audience already exist. In this section we present the networks and therefore some of connections might be lost if
workarounds found and applied by users, as well as solutions they do not meet the purpose one user has given to his/her
social network account.
2
The figure and the notion of the Presence Diamond are strongly inspired
3
by the notion of the diamond of digital identity, that Mike Roch, Director of http://www.shoutem.com/
4
IT Services at University of Reading, introduced at the Eduserv Digital http://www.static.com/
5
Identity Workshop in London, January 08, 2009 http://www.mynameise.com/
4
V. THE LINKED DATA WAY semantics of those attributes we relied on concepts from
The term Linked Data [2] refers to publishing and widely used vocabularies (FOAF9, SWC10, WGS8411). For
interlinking structured data on the Web in RDF6 with the more details about the ontology design we refer the readers to
assumption that the value and usefulness of data increases the the project website and the ontology specification12.
more it is interlinked with other data. This effort to publish the By identifying people who are intended to receive a status
data online using open standards and interlink data sources is message, the notion of Sharing Space can help software
aimed at transforming the Web of documents towards a more systems to deliver status messages to specific people (members
(re)usable, machine readable Web of Data. of the Sharing Space) and thus deal with information noise and
We argue that additional semantics describing a status even ensure confidential status message exchange.
message, as well as semantics (partially already published as In order to properly define Sharing Spaces according to the
Linked Data) describing users and their current context can be needs of real life scenarios, we will rely on the results of our
helpful to direct a status message to its intended audience, and user study, presented in Section 2. According to our study
thus reduce information noise and contribute to ensuring results, some of the major ways to define the intended
privacy. In particular we argue that currently available Linked audience are: friends of a certain friend; people having a
Data sources can help define the intended audiences of status certain interest; friends from a particular online community;
messages, relying on user properties described in those sources people being in a certain location; people having a certain
(interests, locations, social graph, etc.) nature of relationship with the user; people who were affiliated
To enable publishing and exchange of such additional in the same institution; and custom assembled groups of
semantics, we decided to enrich an existing vocabulary - the contacts.
Online Presence Ontology (OPO)7 - with the information about A lot of information needed to define those groups (users’
intended audience of a status message. The Online Presence current and permanent locations, interests, friends’ lists, etc.)
Ontology presented in [3] provides a way to describe a user’s is already available on the Social Web, and many sources
current state of presence in the online world, including his/her already publish this data using vocabularies such as FOAF and
availability for interaction, current status message, location SIOC [4]. Relying on those existing resources, Sharing Spaces
and other elements of context. As such this vocabulary can be could be dynamically defined using simple SPARQL13 queries
elegantly complemented with a way to direct a status message that could identify the members of a particular Sharing Space
(or even the whole notion of Online Presence) to a certain by collecting data across different data sources. We believe
audience. To enable this, we have extended the OPO with the that this way of defining Sharing Spaces is flexible enough to
notion of Sharing Space. cover the needs of real life scenarios identified in our user
study, and we will illustrate it on an example in the following
subsection.
When proposing to use data from various distributed
datasets, we should acknowledge that executing queries over
distributed datasets might be a challenging task. However, this
challenge has already attracted researchers to develop
solutions for this distributed scenario. One of them is a system
DARQ [5], an engine for federated SPARQL queries.
Apart from specifying Sharing Space members using
Figure 2. An excerpt from the Online Presence Ontology
SPARQL, the new version of the OWL language14, currently
A Sharing Space, in our specification, is a group of people available as OWL 2 Working Draft [6] will provide a way to
(or agents) with whom particular information can be shared. define Sharing Spaces through richer restriction axioms such
as property chains. Property chains would allow to state that if
As shown on Figure 2, the OnlinePresence, encompassing
a user satisfies a certain property then he is automatically a
(among other properties) the current status message of a user,
member of a Sharing Space. We also believe that the emerging
can be connected to its intended audience through a property
Rule Interchange Format [7] (currently a working draft) will
intendedFor by linking it with the notion of SharingSpace.
be a useful way to define and exchange Sharing Space
The status message itself is represented using the Item concept definition rules across different systems that may use different
from the SIOC8 [4] ontology in order to enable replies to the rule languages internally.
status message and make use of this concept’s suitable
semantics. Sharing Space is also enriched with a list of 9
Friend-f-a-Friend vocabulary http://xmlns.com/foaf/spec/
properties to allow representing of the common attributes that 10
Semantic Web Conference Ontology
bound members of the Sharing Space together (e.g., common http://data.semanticweb.org/ns/swc/swc_2009-05-09.html
11
interest, common current location). In order to express the World Geodetic System ontology http://www.w3.org/2003/01/geo/
12
Other properties and classes introduced to support the notion of Sharing
Space can be found in the specification document
6
Resource Description Framework http://www.w3.org/RDF/ http://www.milanstankovic.org/opo/specs/
7 13
http://www.milanstankovic.org/opo/ http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-sparql-query/
8 14
http://sioc-project.org/ http://www.w3.org/2004/OWL/
5
A. Scenario of Use make sure that status messages intended for her get to her
To better illustrate the flexibility of our approach and the attention and somehow stand out from the abundance of other
usefulness of Linked Data, we present a scenario of publishing status messages put online by her friends and other people.
PREFIX opo:
a status message together with a dedication to a particular PREFIX foaf:
PREFIX rdf:
Sharing Space. Figure 3 will serve as a graphical support to
our explanations. CONSTRUCT
{
In this scenario, our example user Harry is organizing a
rdf:type opo:SharingSpace;
reunion for his friends from the Semantic Web community. foaf:member ?person.
The reunion will take place in Paris, and Harry wants to }
WHERE
announce it in his status message. {
?person foaf:topic_interest
.
?person opo:declaresOnlinePresence ?presence .
?presence opo:currentLocation
.
}
Figure 4. Example definition of a Sharing Space
B. Some Benefits of Sharing Spaces
Figure 3. Publishing a Status Message Using the definitions of Sharing Spaces, like those shown in
this paper, and publishing status messages that rely on the
Thanks to the open nature of Semantic Web technologies, extended OPO vocabulary can help direct a status message to
any status message publishing service (including its audience. As opposed to solutions where particular
microblogging platforms, social networks, chat platforms) can (sometimes even closed) services are used to dedicate a status
publish a status message and describe it using the OPO message to a certain group of people, our approach offers a
vocabulary. So, Harry’s status message publishing service can way to dedicate a status message to a certain audience
make the semantically described message available to all status regardless of the service being used to publish them and
message consuming services. It can further associate it with a present them. It is the use of widely accepted Semantic Web
particular audience, by using the intendedFor property and standards (e.g., RDF(S) and OWL) that make the intended
the concept of a SharingSpace. Along with OPO data about audience specifications universal and thus applicable
the status message itself, Harry’s service can publish a everywhere.
SPARQL query to define the members of the Sharing Space. The approach also allows to take into account the ever
In our case, since Harry’s message is intended for people changing nature of user-related data, since membership in a
interested in Semantic Web who are currently in Paris, the Sharing Space can be defined through a property and not by
SPARQL Query would look like shown on Figure 4. naming particular members. Therefore users can belong to a
To make better use of the data available in Linked Data sharing space at one time when they satisfy a certain condition
sources, we can reuse existing URIs used by those sources. In (e.g. currently located in Paris), and not belong to it at all other
our example we rely on the Geonames15 URI for Paris, to times.
uniquely identify this geographical location. Apart from combating status message overload and helping
Once the message is available together with its semantic relevant messages to reach their audience, Sharing Spaces can
description, and a Sharing Space definition, other services can serve as a ground for ensuring privacy and confidential status
consume it and make it available to their users. Let us take message sharing. Our approach is based on the idea [8] that
another example user, Sally. She is Harry’s friend, interested ensuring trust and privacy on the future Web can be grounded
in Semantic Web and currently visiting Paris (according to her on the interlinked graph of data (i.e. Linked Data) and policies
last published status message with associated geographic that take advantage of existing data sources. The introduced
location information). Although Sally is not using the same change in the OPO vocabulary is a first step in this direction,
status message publishing service as Harry, her Social allowing to specify the intended audience of a status message
Network (SN) service, can retrieve semantically described by reusing existing (linked) data on the Web. Further
status messages and SPARQL queries defining Sharing mechanisms to enforce the delivery of a status message to the
Spaces. Since information about Sally’s interest is available in specified intended audience can be built on top of our
one of her FOAF files, and available to her SN, and since her presented solution. The advantage of this approach is that
current location is also known to SN, applying the SPARQL dedicating a status message to its audience is quite a general
query from Figure 4 will put Sally in SWPeopleInParis solution, addressing at the same time the challenge of dealing
Sharing Space - the one Harry’s status message is intended for. with information noise, and being the ground for ensuring the
Sally’s interface for browsing status messages can now confidential status message sharing.
15
http://www.geonames.org/
6
VI. RELATED WORK While the simple publishing and taking into account of
Similar to our use of SPARQL to define sharing spaces i.e. intended audience information would be sufficient to combat
intended audience groups, Alessandra Toninelli et al. [9] use the information noise problem, encompassing both issues of
RDF and SPARQL triple patterns to build social graph aware Lack of Understanding and Significance; some additional
policies. Using triple patterns different policies can be created access control mechanisms must be employed to ensure that
to grant access to user’s attention (e.g., ring her phone). the intended audience specifications are properly applied
However this work is more related to mobile devices as it across the Web. As a solution to access control we are
strongly reflects the specifics of communication using a mobile considering to use the FOAF + SSL protocol [11] – a
device, and in this sense it is complementary to our work in lightweight solution for authentication and authorization,
effort to make use of social data available in Linked Data based on the semantics exposed using the widespread FOAF
sources to enhance user’s interaction with devices and make vocabulary. The OpenID17 framework for providing a single
her communications more adapted to her current situation. digital identity across the internet can also elegantly contribute
Another point of difference is that the socially-aware policy to achieve simple access control. OAuth18 authorization
model is more concerned at granting/restricting access to a protocol could also be helpful in ensuring secure exchange of
certain resource than dedicating/directing presence information intended audience information across different services on the
to a certain audience. Social Web.
Although our solution for directing a status message to its
VII. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK audience is flexible in specifying the intended recipients of the
status message, a lot of work remains to be done to ensure that
In this paper we presented the results of our user study,
the unintended recipients do not get access to it. We see the
based on qualitative research techniques, which was aimed at
presented extension of OPO and the notion of Sharing Space
identifying the nature of problems surrounding status message
as a first step in this direction.
publishing. Our study emphasized the need to direct a status
message to a particular audience in order to deal with major
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