=Paper=
{{Paper
|id=Vol-499/paper-5
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|title=MemoryLane: Reminiscence for Older Adults
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-499/paper05-McCarthy.pdf
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==MemoryLane: Reminiscence for Older Adults==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-499/paper05-McCarthy.pdf
MemoryLane: Reminiscence for Older Adults
Sheila Mc Carthy1, Heather Sayers1, Paul Mc Kevitt1 & Mike McTear2
1 Intelligent Systems Research Centre
2 School of Computing & Mathematics
School of Computing & Intelligent Systems
Faculty of Computing & Engineering Faculty of Computing & Engineering
University of Ulster, Magee University of Ulster, Jordanstown
BT48 7JL, Derry/Londonderry BT48 7JL, Newtownabbey
Northern Ireland Northern Ireland
Tel: +44 (0)28 71375157 Tel: +44 (0)28 90368166
{mccarthy-s2, hm.sayers, p.mckevitt, mf.mctear} @ulster.ac.uk
ABSTRACT of the natural ageing process ensuring that the number of cases
Reminiscence plays an important role in the lives of older adults increases steadily as the older population grows. This varies
[8]. Many perfect the art of storytelling and enjoy its social among individuals, affecting abilities such as memory and
benefits. The telling of stories of past events and experiences planning, and often impeding reminiscence. Assistive
defines family identities and is an integral part of most cultures. technologies exist which support older adults with memory
Losing the ability to recollect past memories is not only impairment and act as reminder systems that often liaise with
disadvantageous, but can prove quite detrimental, especially to carers [25]. Research is being conducted into developing systems
many older adults. In this paper we introduce MemoryLane, a which dynamically generate interfaces which adapt to a user’s
Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) based application being preferences or situations [19]. However, in addition to developing
developed to enhance the reminiscence capabilities of older memory prompts for current activities it is of equal importance to
adults. Using abilities and preferences as a basis, MemoryLane support such older adults in their pursuit of reminiscence. This
employs Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques to adapt its research describes the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI)
multimodal interface to accommodate the needs of differing older techniques which, based on user abilities and preferences, will (a)
users and to compose and recount user life-cached multimedia as govern how a mobile application adapts its multimodal interface
memory stories. to accommodate older users’ differing abilities, and (b) compose
and recount user life-cached multimedia as memory stories. A
Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) based application,
Categories and Subject Descriptors MemoryLane, is being developed as a test-bed platform to
I.2 [Artificial Intelligence]: I.2.1 Applications and Expert implement these techniques. The research will address any HCI
Systems. and usability problems encountered, and will enhance the
reminiscence capabilities of older adults.
General Terms
Algorithms, Measurement, Design, Human Factors. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW
There are several bodies of literature which relate to this research:
Keywords reminiscence, HCI for older adults and usability studies and the
Artificial Intelligence, MemoryLane, Multimodal, Older Users, measurement instruments employed in user evaluations and
Reminiscence, Storytelling, Usability. testing. In this section we briefly discuss relevant key literature.
1. INTRODUCTION 2.1 Reminiscence
The population count of older people is steadily increasing, Research is being conducted into various aspects of reminiscence.
especially in the more economically developed countries of the Chaudhury [5] explores the reminiscence of personally
world. In Ireland the census of 2006 recorded an increase over the meaningful past places among both cognitively intact and
previous ten years in excess of 54,000 in the number of persons impaired residents of nursing homes, advocating that place-based
aged 65 years and over [4]. Cognitive decline is an inherent part reminiscence is a viable means of recollecting a rich narrative of
lived experiences and is an opportunity to enhance the quality of
life of older adults. Butler [2] first coined the phrase life review
and suggested that all people coming near to the end of their lives,
Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for
personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are and therefore older adults in particular, become involved in a
not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that process of looking back over their lives in an attempt to identify
copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. To copy and come to terms with events which are unresolved at the time.
otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, ‘Life review’ is a psychological preparation for death and forms
requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. part of the natural process of human development as a person
Conference’04, Month 1–2, 2004, City, State, Country. becomes older. Reminiscing is then the means by which the
Copyright 2004 ACM 1-58113-000-0/00/0004…$5.00. material for ‘life review’ is generated [17].
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2.2 HCI for Older Adults & Usability Studies 2.3.3 Measuring Enjoyment
Developing technologies for older adults is an exacting science, Heerink et al. [12] explore the concept of enjoyment as a possible
often varying from established HCI research processes. Zajicek factor in influencing acceptance of robotic technology by older
[24] identifies certain areas in which this type of research differs adults. The findings of the study were in accordance with the
significantly from other research disciplines. The requirements of assumptions made in the TAM. Sweetser and Wyeth [21]
older users are habitually disparate and researchers increasingly developed a rigorous scale to assess user enjoyment of e-learning
strive to find new methods of designing in this field. Newell and games. They drew various heuristics together to form a concise
Gregor [16] developed their User Sensitive Inclusive Design model of enjoyment in games that is structured by Flow, a widely
(USID) methodology which focuses on universal usability. accepted model of enjoyment. Fu et al. [7] based their work on
Myriad HCI usability studies are conducted into older adults’ Sweetser’s and Wyeth’s framework and developed a newer scale.
interaction with computers, but substantially less are conducted The scales are recognised as effective tools for evaluating the
into the interaction between older adults and mobile devices. Avid level of enjoyment provided by e-learning games to their users.
researchers [9] within the area have highlighted the benefits of
developing mobile technologies for older adults. An initial PDA 3. REQUIREMENTS ANALYSIS
usability study conducted by Siek et al. [20] examined the Two ethnographical studies were conducted to elicit requirements
differences in the interaction patterns of older and younger users to assist in the design and implementation of MemoryLane. Due
with PDAs. to the known benefits of reminiscence among older adults [8], the
objective of MemoryLane is to assist older adults in recalling their
2.3 Measurement Instruments own past life events and memories as they experience the natural
Many research tools, metrics, instruments and scales have been cognitive declines associated with the ageing process.
developed in an attempt to measure the intangible emotions, MemoryLane uses AI techniques to dynamically produce an
feelings, opinions and well-being of older adults. adaptive multimodal interface and to construct memory stories
based on users’ abilities and preferences.
2.3.1 Measuring Reminiscence & Social Well-Being
Haight [10] developed Life Review and Experiencing Forms 3.1 PDA Usability Study
(LREF) to measure life satisfaction and psychological well-being. The first study conducted with a sample of 15 participants aged
Webster [23] devised and validated a Reminiscence Functions 65+ investigated current PDA usability levels among older adults.
Scale (RFS), a 43 item questionnaire to assess the functions of Each participant was interviewed in familiar surroundings in a
reminiscence among older adults. Webster distributed the 43 one-to-one structured interview format. Questionnaires were
questions across seven factors: Boredom Reduction, Death employed to record the participants’ opinions of and preferences
Preparation, Identity/Problem Solving, Conversation, Intimacy for different colours, sizes and number of interface components.
Maintenance, Bitterness Revival and Teach/Inform. This scale has Participants were given a demonstration of how to interact with a
since been widely used in reminiscence research [3]. Havighurst PDA by a researcher, followed by observation of their capability
and Glasser [11] applied a scoring method to the questionnaires in attempting to complete pre-set interactive PDA tasks as
used in their exploratory study of reminiscence. The results from depicted in Figure 1.
this study formed the basis for their scales for Frequency and for
Affect, which can be used in correlation studies. Osada and Osada
[18] adapted Havighurst and Glasser’s scales for their own
research and devised a reminiscence scale consisting of 8
questions. Lawton spearheaded the development of geriatric
assessment tools used widely by clinicians and researchers. These
include the PGC Morale Scale [13] and the Observed Emotion
Rating Scale [14]. Ando and Shiihara [1] used both Havighurst’s
and Glasser’s scales and Lawton’s Morale Scale in their
reminiscence study.
Figure 1. Participant interacting with PDA
2.3.2 Measuring Technology Acceptance
Since its inception in 1986, Davis’ [6] Technology Acceptance While the study afforded a rich insight into the preferred sizes and
Model (TAM) has been widely used as a theoretical model in colours of on-screen buttons and text, it became clear from the
behavioural psychology. Simply put, TAM states that the outset that the participants found the PDA extremely complicated
‘perceived usefulness’ and the ‘perceived ease of use’ determine to use and had difficulty even knowing where to start with no one
the behavioural intention to use a system, and this behavioural finding the interface instinctive or intuitive. This was evidenced
intention predicts the actual use. Lee et al. [15] examined TAM’s by the level of assistance requested and given. Despite the
accomplishments and limitations in a study which traces its functionality of a PDA being demonstrated beforehand, not one of
history, investigates its findings, and predicts its future trajectory. the participants could carry out even the most basic of tasks
Venkatesh et al. [22] examined all existing models and presented unaided, participants all referred to ‘not knowing what to do next’,
a new model, the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of and many frequently objected to cluttered screens and complex
Technology (UTAUT) which includes demographic factors menu structures. In addition to this, participants who had poorer
previously omitted in other models such as age and gender. levels of vision or dexterity often complained of cumbersome
scroll bars and impracticable text and button sizes. However, the
potential and portability of a PDA appealed to the majority of
participants who remarked on it being ‘small enough’ to fit into a
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handbag or breast pocket. However, most referred to being ‘too Table 1. Reminiscence preferences by gender
old to learn how to use one now’. This would imply that many
older adults possess a genuine interest in engaging with mobile Female Male Both
technologies and that a PDA has a certain appeal. However, due
Parents/Siblings Work/Farming Own Childhood
to complex interfaces many choose not to experiment with such
devices. These findings suggest that adopting AI approaches to Own Children Travel Marriage/Spouses
both create intuitive applications which guide user navigation and
which would dynamically adapt their interfaces to support varying Women’s Role Cars/Vehicles Tradition/Hobbies
user abilities would certainly provide older users with a more Housekeeping Animals/Pets Culture/Heritage
fruitful PDA interaction experience.
Handicrafts Jokes/Humour Remedies/Cures
3.2 Reminiscence Workshops Music/Dancing Local History Religion/Faith
The second study was designed to investigate the reminiscence
capabilities, patterns and preferences of older adults. The findings 3.3 Methodology
from this study influenced the choice of reminiscence topics MemoryLane design follows the USID methodology [16] and is
selected for MemoryLane to ensure that it produces topical and underpinned by the findings of the two previously discussed
pleasing memories for users. Informal focus groups were ethnographic field studies. The development process is iterative in
conducted with older adult samples which examined both nature, requiring repeated evaluations with older adult samples.
episodic/autobiographical1 and procedural2 memories and elicited
valuable oral histories. We examined how older adults recalled
their past experiences singularly in isolation, socially in groups of 4. MEMORYLANE ARCHITECTURE
their peers and also with younger people, such as family members. MemoryLane is a hybrid system which incorporates the AI
Reminiscence discussion was initially conducted without the aid techniques of Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) and Rule-Based
of props to investigate participants’ powers of (un-aided) Reasoning (RBR) for decision making, generation of data and also
recollection of past events. This independent discourse was to address the usability problems encountered by older adults
followed by further reminiscence sessions during which users when using mobile devices. The data flow of MemoryLane’s
were encouraged to consider various cultural probes, e.g., architecture is given in Figure 3. User abilities and preferences are
artefacts, photographs, newspapers. and a specially compiled input to the system to form a unique user profile and the
Memory Scrapbook as pictured in Figure 2 to investigate if this information stored in this profile is consulted for all future
improved their reminiscence experience. decision making for the duration of that user’s interaction.
MemoryLane has two primary objectives: (1) multimodal
interface configuration, and (2) dynamic generation of appropriate
and entertaining memory stories.
Figure 2. Memory prompts
Participants found the sessions both stimulating and enjoyable,
and all agreed that their powers of reminiscence were richly
enhanced, many evoking long-forgotten histories, when using the
memory prompts. This provided a strong argument for the
popularity and usefulness of developing MemoryLane as a
portable memory companion. The results of the study found that
in the main, genders frequently wished to reminisce and discuss
similar gender specific topics. However, there were some topics
which seemed to be of universal interest to both genders. The
more popular reminiscence topics are listed in Table 1. These Figure 3. MemoryLane architecture
results inspire the category options from which the user can select
the topic for a memory story. 4.1 Multimodal Interface Configuration
The first intelligent aspect of MemoryLane is concerned with
configuring the interface on the basis of its current user’s
preferences and abilities, thus tailoring to individual needs, e.g. a
visually impaired user would be compensated with an audio
enriched interface. To achieve this, the user is required to enter a
rating for their perceived ability for four different modalities:
1
Personalised memories of events, times, places and associated hearing, vision, speech and dexterity. Users must rate themselves
emotions. as having normal, reduced or very poor levels of these abilities.
2
Long term ‘how to’ memory of skills and procedures. The four ratings entered by the user are stored as part of that
24
user’s unique profile and are linked with the interface input and back end database which stores user profiles and system
output elements. Hearing determines the volume level, speech, the information and the web service facilitates interrogation of this
usage of automatic speech recognition (ASR), vision governs the database. A speech engine also located on the server provides a
use of text to speech (TTS) and frequency and sizes of text and TTS facility for the production of speech synthesis from string
images. While both vision and dexterity govern the size and variables. This supports multimodal interaction in the utterances
choices of on-screen buttons and menus available to that user. As of on-screen prompts to assist the user if required and in the
seen in Table 2, there are three possible categories (default, conveyance of stories. To further enhance multimodal user
enhanced and superior) for each modality. Each of these interaction MemoryLane will also incorporate ASR. MemoryLane
categories has a pre-set interface specification. In this way the may be deployed using the Internet for communication at a later
interface can be adapted to suit the varied needs of older adults. phase. At this stage a LAN is required for user evaluations in
For example, a user profile purporting normal hearing, very poor areas which do not currently have Internet access.
vision, normal speech with reduced dexterity as shown in the
shaded cells of Table 2, would be provided with a tailored
interface that would accommodate his/her needs. The default
hearing specification would provide a default volume level for all
audio and TTS, the default speech specification would involve
default levels of ASR. The superior vision specification would
ensure that TTS would relay all on-screen prompts aloud and
display all on-screen text, images at the maximum size. However,
in this instance, because vision was rated as very poor, the
enhanced dexterity specification would be upgraded to superior,
thus ensuring that all on-screen buttons and menus were of an
appropriate size. All system default levels are based on the results
of the prior PDA requirements analysis.
Table 2. Interface formatting
User Multimodal Formatting
Modality
Weighting Hearing Vision Speech Dexterity
Normal Default Default Default Default Figure 4. MemoryLane implementation
Reduced Enhanced Enhanced Enhanced Enhanced In accordance with the findings of the previously conducted pilot
studies, the initial interface for MemoryLane is designed to be
Very Poor Superior Superior Superior Superior both intuitive and instinctive to the user while also being of visual
appeal. The layout is consistent, deliberately plain, avoiding scroll
bars or ambiguous clutter. The default colour scheme is of neutral
4.2 AI Memory Story Generation tones. The interface has minimal screen objects at any one time
The second intelligent aspect of the system is concerned with and yet provides full functionality. The sizes of the screen objects
intelligently generating dynamic ‘memory stories’. The user’s (e.g. buttons or text) are decided by MemoryLane to suit the needs
life-cached multimedia items provide story content and are output and preferences of the user. Iterative evaluations of MemoryLane
in accordance with the user’s preferences and abilities. The with target user groups will improve and enhance this initial
system offers the user a choice of categories such as family, prototype.
holidays, weddings or history from which they can select the topic
for the new memory story. Once a selection is made, the system 5.1 Log-in Screen
locates all stored multimedia objects which are tagged as (a) The user is greeted with a welcome screen as shown in Figure
belonging to that user, and (b) belonging to the chosen category. 5(a). To log-in the user must select (press) their photo from a set
Appropriate multimedia items, based on the likes and dislikes of of photos of six potential users. MemoryLane then establishes
the user, are selected from this pool for inclusion in the memory which user has logged on and immediately retrieves the stored
story. This multimedia, including TTS and non-speech audio if profile for that user. The interface is then adjusted to reflect the
deemed applicable, are synchronized and fused into a memory profile details, tailoring it to the abilities and preferences of that
story for simultaneous output through multithreading. user. The user’s image is displayed in the top left of the screen
throughout the duration of their interaction and personalised
5. MEMORYLANE IMPLEMENTATION messages are displayed. The logged on user proceeds to either
MemoryLane is deployed on a PDA which equips users with the view memories or edit their profile. A Help button is continuously
ability to re-live bygone days, and the portability to relay them to available in the bottom right of the screen and explains any
others. MemoryLane operates across a Client/Server architecture ambiguities with on-screen text, and speech if deemed applicable.
on a bespoke local area network (LAN) as seen in Figure 4. The The user can exit MemoryLane at any time via the Exit button in
user’s client PDA stores the multimedia items and hosts the the bottom left of the screen. This button is replaced by a Go Back
MemoryLane application. This application connects to a hosting button positioned in the same location on all subsequent screens
server which provides system functionality through the public and which provides the user with a means of navigating through
private web methods of a web service. The server also hosts a MemoryLane and return to the Exit button to leave.
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(a) (b)
(a) (b) Figure 6. (a) ‘Memory topic’ screen, (b) ‘Play memory’ screen
Figure 5. (a) ‘Log-in’ screen, (b) ‘Change profile’ screen
5.4 MemoryLane Intelligence
5.2 Change Profile Option MemoryLane will learn from the user during interaction and
In Figure 5(b), we can see that ‘Nellie’ has logged and has chosen record this information as part of the user’s profile. Should the
the Change Profile option. She is now presented with the choice user express dislike for a particular story then MemoryLane will
of editing her preferences or abilities held in her recorded profile. learn to avoid this particular multimedia combination for future
The preferences option facilitates control over certain interface memory stories. Similarly if the user rates the memory story
options such as choosing a preferred colour scheme or skin for the highly MemoryLane will learn that this is a popular combination
interface, or perhaps opting for the use of icons and symbols of multimedia and increase further usage of these items in future
instead of text. The abilities option allows the user to change the memory stories. For example, a memory story may choose to
level recorded for their hearing, vision, speech and dexterity, as exclude a particular topic which could cause discomfort, e.g., the
previously discussed in section 4.1., the user can select from mention of a recently deceased loved one. Similarly,
normal, reduced or very poor for each ability. Changing the level MemoryLane could highlight positive events, a wedding perhaps
for an ability will instantly be reflected in the multimodal and also devise historical stories based on known topics of interest
interface, e.g., increased or decreased font size, button size, to its user. In addition, if the user repeatedly requires help at the
volume levels or amounts of ASR and on-screen text read aloud to various stages of the interaction, MemoryLane will become pro-
the user. active and will begin to automatically offer help in problem areas
for that user. MemoryLane will also record how often favourite
5.3 Start Option saved memory stories were retrieved from the user’s album and
The user begins the reminiscence experience and is offered the viewed again. As a user interacts with MemoryLane over a period
option of viewing a previously seen and saved memory story from of time its knowledge of that user will increase accordingly.
the stored album, or creating a new memory story using MemoryLane can then offer more precise and accurate memory
combinations of their stored multimedia, e.g., photographs, video stories in a way that the user finds entertaining using interface
clips, music, sounds, letters or poems. If the user chooses to view components that the user finds easy to understand, navigate and
a memory from the album, they are presented with a selection of control. The more the user interacts with MemoryLane the more it
thumbnail images where each image represents a stored memory will learn from him/her.
in the album. Selecting (pressing) an image causes it to be played
in full. The new memory option allows the user to select a topic 6. CONCLUSION & FUTURE WORK
for the new memory story as seen in Figure 6(a) and previously This research introduces a hybrid method of decision-making
discussed in section 4.2. The user can then view the ensuing specifically for a mobile platform applying AI techniques in the
memory story via the bespoke user interface as shown in Figure development of a multimodal PDA-based application called
6(b). Memory stories last anywhere between one and three MemoryLane. MemoryLane accommodates user-specific abilities
minutes, during which the user has the options to pause, stop or and preferences for multimodal input and output, and also
replay the memory, and to also maximise the viewing screen if performs fusion and synchronisation of life-cached multimedia for
desired. The options to rate a memory story and save to the album story generation. MemoryLane provides older adults with an
are offered after each showing. An example memory story might intelligent, portable memory device to enhance their reminiscence
simultaneously include background music, a series of rotating experiences. The MemoryLane prototype is currently being
photographs and a voice over narration. implemented and will be enhanced and improved with iterative
evaluations with target user groups. The final prototype will be
rigorously tested with a fresh sample of end users. This will
eliminate the possibility of any prior knowledge of, or familiarity
with the system, and therefore give an accurate account of the
intuitiveness of the interface and MemoryLane’s usability. This
final testing will also use real data (i.e., the users’ own multimedia
26
items) to effectively measure (a) the appeal of MemoryLane (its [12] Heerink, M., röse, B.J.A., Wielinga, B. & Evers, V.
functionality and usability) and (b) the support that it offers to Enjoyment, intention to use and actual use of a
older adults whilst reminiscing. Some of the measurement conversational robot by elderly people. In Fong, T.;
instruments and tools previously mentioned in section 2.3 will be Dautenhahn, K. (Ed.s) HRI 2008: Proceedings of the third
employed in this testing to measure and validate the success of ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot
MemoryLane. Detailed analysis of the ensuing results will follow. Interaction, 113-119.
[13] Lawton, M. P. (1975). The Philadelphia Geriatric Centre
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The authors would like to extend their appreciation to the user [14] Lawton, M. P., K. S. Van Haitsma & J. A. Klapper. (1996).
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supported by The Department for Employment and Learning Gerontology B : Psychological Sciences, 51:1, 3-14.
(DEL).
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