This paper investigates the role of RSS in providing a solution to the problem of medical information overload, speeding up the dissemination of information and improving communications between all those with an interest in health. It compares the exchange and use of medical information on the Internet before and after the use of RSS and also shares a vision for the future, using MedWorm, a medical search engine and RSS newsfeed provider, as an example. The conclusion highlights how RSS has opened a new dimension of information exchange which has the potential to enable giant steps forward in the ¯eld of medicine. To realise its full potential, both publishers and users of medical information need to recognise the importance of RSS, ensure thoughtful implementation of RSS feeds to announce publication, and provide for education regarding its everyday use.
The Internet has enabled access to a wealth of in depth research and medically
related information not previously available, but it has also given rise to a new
set of problems for todays physician. Medical practitioners are now inundated
with information[
This paper brie°y describes RSS (really simple syndication) [
Since RSS has been around for several years now, its bene¯ts and situations in which it is appropriate are already known. This paper considers its uptake and re-emphasizes its importance, particularly in the ¯eld of medicine where the delivery of timely and highly relevant information is essential. It compares the exchange and use of medical information on the Internet before and after the use of RSS and also shares a vision for the future.
This paper uses MedWorm as an example. MedWorm is a medical search
engine and RSS newsfeed provider based on data collected from over 7,000 medical
RSS feeds [
RSS
RSS is a group of simple data formats that are used to announce new data on the
Internet. The ¯rst version of RSS was created in 1999 although it wasnt until
2005 to 2006 that it started to gain widespread use [
RSS implementation has been growing steadily within the ¯eld of medicine since its introduction in 2006. A few examples of its use are described below.
It is now common practice for all leading medical publishers to include RSS
feeds for each of their medical journals. RSS feeds can also be pulled out from any
search run via PubMed [
Medical universities are now often including RSS feeds for their latest news
updates and some, such as Duke University [
The uptake of RSS within the ¯eld of medicine has been widespread within a relatively short space of time. However, the majority of medical professionals, unless they are keen adopters of Internet and the latest information technologies, have yet to learn about or appreciate the bene¯ts of RSS, and have not yet widely adopted the use of personal RSS readers or personalized RSS aggregation services. In addition, there are still many medical websites not posting RSS feeds for key data updates, in particular for other data types that are not classed as medical journals or news. 3 3.1
In the past, without the use of RSS, an online information distribution service would receive data from di®erent sources using various transfer methods such as email, disc, or online download. Incoming data came in various formats, using di®erent types of identifying tags, if at all. Internal programming teams were often required for the writing of data conversion programs to convert the inconsistent data received into a standard format that had been adopted by the data distribution company. The whole process was labour intensive with di®erent publishers requiring customised data conversion programs. Usually the full data in its entirety was copied across to a central database held by the data distribution company.
Today, using RSS, publishers simply update an RSS text ¯le online when new information is released. A data distribution service that uses RSS, such as MedWorm, can automatically check the RSS ¯les regularly for updates. Data is tagged with standard RSS formatting which means that customized data conversion programs are no longer needed, instead only one RSS data parser is required. Providing concise summaries with hyperlinks to the full text of articles means it is no longer necessary to submit data to a central database. The full text of the data can now remain at the point of origin with the RSS feed items acting as pointers. 3.2
The comparison of a search engine based on data collected from web crawling to that of one based on data gathered through syndication may not at ¯rst glance seem a valid exercise, since a search engine such as Google indexes the content of web pages themselves, whereas an engine relying on RSS feeds focus only on updates. However, from the end user's perspective, the end result and purpose of the search engine looks similar, and in medicine both are used for the same purpose, to get information to answer questions. End users frequently ask for clari¯cation on why they should use any other search engine to that with which they are familiar. It is therefore important that the informaticist clearly understands the bene¯ts of the RSS populated database if they are to encourage users to make use of such a resource.
Without the use of RSS, a search engine such as Google uses a Web crawler to ¯nd information to populate its database by following hyperlinks from one page to another. All data found is cached and indexed. The possibility of duplicate date is large since webpages can have many di®erent formats and yet contain the same content, making it di±cult for duplicate data to be identi¯ed within the database. Descriptive data is collected from metatags, which may or may not have been included, and which are prone to manipulation for search engine optimization techniques. It is sometimes di±cult to determine any clear title and frequently impossible to identify any summary text. Most limiting of all is the common lack of a distinct publication date. In many cases the most accurate date that the Web crawler can provide will be the date on which the article is discovered. Web crawlers waste a lot of processing power by revisiting pages looking for new content and it can take a long time for new pages to be discovered and indexed. In addition, the amount of data to be included can have an impact on performance and slow down the time it takes to get relevant and up to date content indexed for the audience to ¯nd.
Now with RSS, a search engine such as MedWorm uses RSS feeds to populate
its database with bene¯ts over that of a Web crawler. All items include a clear
title and published date, and often there is also provided a concise summary
of the publication. Data is less prone to manipulation by keyword cramming,
since if the content does not make sense, the user will unsubscribe. Using RSS,
when unformatted text and article summaries instead of full text are indexed,
processing is quicker [
For the user of medical information, the greatest advantage that an RSS based search engine has to o®er over a standard Web crawled search engine is the speed at which data is indexed and the ability to return search results by date order. Up to date information can often be more important than link popularity in the context of medically related information. Medical professionals and scienti¯c researchers need to place information in the context of a publication date and in relation to other information known previously. 3.3
The traditional method of subscribing to data is via email update. Email
communications su®er from numerous problems, including spam [
RSS subscriptions are known as pull technology since the user chooses which RSS ¯les they wish to receive and how frequently the information will be pulled. If a recipient chooses to unsubscribe, they simply remove the link to the RSS ¯le that they no longer wish to include in their RSS aggregator, which eliminates the problem of spam. 3.4
To share data from one website to another it used to be necessary to either use a customised plug-in or to learn how to program an API that had been designed speci¯cally for that site. Such an approach can be di±cult to implement requiring programming skills, or can be limiting.
With RSS it is relatively simple to install one of many RSS widgets that can read RSS ¯les and output the contents in many di®erent formats. Data can be set to cache and refresh as wished to ensure that data is always up to date but bandwidth is saved.
Registered MedWorm users may create customized RSS feeds to place on their own websites. For this, complex queries may be combined and then optionally manually ¯ltered further if need be. Descriptions and homepage links for the RSS feeds can also be set and there is the option to track which feed items have been read from the customized feeds. 4
The bene¯ts of RSS as discussed above are well known within the IT community and the prevalence of RSS, particularly within the ¯eld of medicine, is growing.
Here we list some areas that have been identi¯ed through experience with MedWorm as having potential for future development. 4.1
Although clinical trial data may be found online, in particular in the central
repository ClinicalTrials.gov [
Using RSS to announce new clinical trials does not solve the problem of complexities of data structure or provide reporting functionality to cater for di®erent terminology or search by eligibility. However, it does provide a very simple way of keeping physicians constantly and broadly aware of new opportunities within their ¯eld as they arise. Having clinical trial feeds indexed by MedWorm would enable trial updates to easily reach their target audience, since medical professionals and patients already use MedWorm to get daily updates on topics of their interest, either via visiting the site or through email or RSS subscription. 4.2
Currently many worthy organisations, medical scientists and physicians miss out on vital grants and other funding possibilities, often ¯nding out about them only after a closing date has passed. Email subscription is commonly used but as described previously this method has its weaknesses. MedWorm has been working closely with the Hope Center for Neurological Disorders at Washington University to ensure key funding RSS feeds are included within MedWorm. Utilizing RSS and MedWorm to announce funding updates would ensure that these opportunities reach their target audience in a timely manner. 4.3
Medical discussion forums on the Internet are valuable in their facilitation of building new relationships and sharing knowledge. However, forums are often prone to spam and manipulation. Important knowledge can be buried with time and much repetition can take place with the same questions being asked and answered in multiple places. Forums sometimes lack focus and webmasters are often faced with the problem of ensuring enough tra±c to keep on stimulating forums with new discussions over time.
Items from an RSS feed could now be used as a basis for discussion, bringing people together to share ideas on the most recent medical research and news. Any query run on MedWorm to pull out an RSS feed of publication items on a particular topic also returns an RSS feed for the discussion items connected to the publication records returned.
In addition, MedWorm registered users may now use the discussion functionality to pull out RSS feeds on just the items on which they have commented. This functionality can be used for medical professionals to start to build up their own running commentaries on topics of their choosing, which could be displayed on their own websites. 4.4
MedWorm now has the potential to link up users reading the same items to other users reading the same data, should users opt in to share their reading habits. RSS use increases readership to levels where such connections start to become meaningful. The opening of new communication lines leads to new ways of individuals working together. MedWorm already provides a platform for discussion on current articles. RSS use has brought about the concept of running a digital journal club, through the selection of articles to review from the RSS database and then the creation of new RSS feeds for reviewed articles.
Similar to a digital journal club, focus groups could be formed to concentrate on particular illnesses. MedWorm provides a novel meeting ground for di®erent user types, from medical scientist through to patient, to discuss common areas of interest but from di®ering perspectives. 4.5
Due to the increased exchange of data and readership that RSS provides, MedWorm is starting to identify trends within the ¯eld of medicine, and to provide RSS feeds for these trends. The value of such statistics comes from the combination of the amount and variety of data being parsed, the MedWorm taxonomy and the wide spread use of MedWorm provided data: on the MedWorm site itself, in the RSS feeds that individuals subscribe to via their own RSS readers, and also on other websites that utilize the MedWorm feeds.
Currently reports include the most frequently read items, by each category as well as overall. All reports are provided with their own RSS feed. In the future it will also be possible to obtain feeds for the most frequently arising topics within the data itself, as well as the ability to see which topics have seen increased activity within a speci¯ed time. 4.6
Just like the advances that came to society with the building of roads, the invention of the telephone and the development of the Internet, RSS provides a new dimension of communication that could see rapid advances being made in medical knowledge. For the ¯rst time ever, publishers all across the globe can easily and almost instantaneously route their data to interested audiences throughout all sectors of society. Users will be able to connect to other people reading the same data and exchange thoughts in real time, and those discussions and thoughts will not be lost but will be fed back into the growing body of evidence in which we can all participate. 5
RSS promotion within the ¯eld of medicine has seen real progress over the past four years. In order to reach the full potential of RSS, there must be a concerted e®ort from all in the ¯eld of medical informatics to further promote the use of RSS in their setting. 5.1
Here we discuss some of the issues that the developer often faces when looking at how best to integrate RSS with their website: Data Types When adding any new medical information to the Internet, it should be a priority to ensure that the information is announced by way of a new RSS item posted to an RSS feed, not restricting RSS use to that of medical journals, blogs and news updates. Other types of information that should also post updates to an RSS feed include: all publications that have not been included in the feed of a journal; events such as conferences, exhibitions, and training courses; clinical trials; online courses; guidelines; press releases; directory items; funding opportunities; podcasts; alerts and recalls; legal outcomes; medical images and videos.
Using a separate RSS feed for each di®erent type of data, as listed above, enables clearer data de¯nition within MedWorm. When several di®erent feeds exist for a site it can be useful to also have one RSS feed that combines all of your RSS releases into one catch all feed, for those subscribers that want to be kept up to date with everything on your site but dont want to have to subscribe to many di®erent feeds separately. However, other than that the one catch all feed, items should not be duplicated across RSS feeds but rather appear in just one RSS feed to help avoid duplicate items appearing in systems that use your feeds for data population.
Intent to Share Including a lengthy RSS terms and conditions legal document can discourage other websites from using your feeds, which could limit your readership. It is better to include content in your feeds that you are happy to be shared anywhere, anyhow, without the need for legal notices. If there is reluctance to share data within your organization, include a description of the data rather than the data itself.
Content Include a descriptive title and date of release as well as a description wherever possible. Ensure the key words relevant to the item are included somewhere within the feed item, without resorting to 'keyword cramming' that would degrade the quality of the data. A concise description of an article is preferable to the whole article itself. It is also better to include a short paragraph that is of use on its own rather than a half sentence 'teaser' that tells the user little.
Do not include feed items that present the user with nothing more than a subscription page when clicked through. If a subscription page is to be used, add some value to the feed by providing some free information when people click through on a feed item, before logon is necessary. Such an approach provides an incentive for readers to continue to subscribe to your feed even when they do not think they want to become a customer, and will likely result in additional sales over time.
Discovery All RSS feeds should be clearly labelled with an orange RSS logo.
Any webpage that has an associated RSS feed on it should also include RSS
auto-discovery mark-up in its html header [
The addition of new RSS feeds for a site should also be announced via an
RSS posting on an existing RSS feed on the same site. It is good practice to also
include an OPML ¯le [
This should include the provision of RSS training either within the work setting, at medical school, or in continuing education courses. It may be di±cult to change the habits of an older generation when it comes to data retrieval and the integration of new technologies to assist with current awareness, but it should be relatively easy to encourage good habits at the start of their medical careers with the younger generation.
The incorporation of RSS into the medical syllabus at university would give all newly quali¯ed medical professionals a basic understanding of what RSS is and its bene¯ts, and could introduce them to a number of tools and services that would help them to better manage their data and keep abreast of the latest research without the daunting feeling of information overload. Employers and managers should also be educated as to the importance of RSS and requested to implement incentives to get their entire medical workforce familiar with its application. This may include pre-installing RSS software on all computers and handheld devices and ensuring that employees receive training and incentives for its use. As RSS is encouraged and adopted the bene¯ts will become apparent to all.
In order to ensure that RSS updates are posted to the RSS feeds, the process must be included in the submission of any new data that is to be posted online. 6
RSS opens up a new dimension of information exchange that has the potential to enable giant steps forward in the ¯eld of medicine. Medical information published without the use of RSS may result in lost opportunities to quickly further knowledge. For RSS to realise its full potential in the ¯eld of medicine, everyone needs to participate in the promotion of its use, by ensuring the provision of RSS feeds to announce the publication of all medically related data and the provision of RSS training wherever possible. Advantages Disadvantages A simple, accepted, widely used standard De¯nes only basic elements, so more comde¯ning basic elements so that data can be plex data structures may be lost across easily shared across di®erent platforms. platforms. Mal-formatted data and nonstandard characters often cause RSS parsing to break.
It acts as an alert to the latest updates, Not all websites use RSS and others do not saving the need to crawl the whole web to use it e®ectively. It depends on RSS items ¯nd the latest information. being posted to RSS feeds when new information is published.
The simple data structure removes prob- Usually not all data is posted to a feed lems related to redundant and poor qual- item, so a search on feed item content may ity data that is often added for the search miss important information and keywords engine optimization purposes. are not always included. It does not therefore replace the need for a web crawler.
It can save bandwidth and speed up pro- It can result in an additional processing cessing times by passing basic information burden on a web server when some of the and summaries of data rather than heavily RSS feeds become heavily subscribed to, formatted full text webpages. especially by other websites that may call the RSS feeds very frequently.
The manual collection of RSS feeds ensures It is a manual process to ¯nd and add the use of only quality data sources. newly created RSS feeds to aggregators. It gives the subscribers more privacy with- Readership of RSS items is di±cult to out the use of tracking cookies and scripts track, due to the many di®erent platforms to log reader activity. through which data can pass and the lack of cookies and data tracking scripts.
It is known as 'pull' technology which al- RSS is not a push technology, which means lows the subscriber to decide what they that important updates can be missed if wish to read and to have full control of users have not subscribed. which sources they no longer wish to subscribe to, hence the avoidance of spam.
The use of RSS encourages publishers to There is uncertainty and concern over the be more generous in the sharing of their sharing of potentially copyrighted informadata and hence promotes the advance of tion via RSS. universal knowledge.
Due to the passing of simply format- Formatting may be lost when data is ted text, RSS reader enable the user to passed through an RSS feed. scan through large amounts of data very quickly.
It can save RSS subscribers time and help It is hard be hard to motivate users to learn keep them better informed on a topics of to use an RSS reader in addition to the use their interest. of email and there is the perceived risk of information overload.
Table 1. Advantages and Disadvantages of RSS