=Paper=
{{Paper
|id=None
|storemode=property
|title=A Profile Ontology for Personalised Mobile Shopping Support
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-585/paper2.pdf
|volume=Vol-585
}}
==A Profile Ontology for Personalised Mobile Shopping Support==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-585/paper2.pdf
1st International Workshop on Adaptation, Personalization and REcommendation in the Social-semantic Web (APRESW 2010)
A Profile Ontology for Personalised Mobile
Shopping Support
Lillian Hella and John Krogstie
Dept. of Computer and Information Science
Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 TRONDHEIM, Norway
{hella, krogstie}@idi.ntnu.no
Abstract. Personalisation is a desired functionality for applications within
mobile environments. One approach to personalisation of mobile services is by
the use of personal and contextual information. In this paper we describe a
personal profile for this purpose that has been created using OWL DL
implemented in Protégé. The developed profile ontology is based on, and
evaluated relative to, personas and scenarios from the food shopping domain.
The profile covers three levels of information; personal information, stable
information and temporary interest. The main result is a profile ontology that is
used to illustrate potential benefits by use of information about a person in the
personalisation process, which can be extended to cover other areas of interests.
Keywords: Personal profile, ontologies, personalisation, food shopping.
1 Introduction
New types of networks and devices bring the Internet into everyday lives through
wireless and mobile technologies. Users of mobile technologies are getting exposed to
information and services, without being able to control the flow of services. The goal
is to connect accessible and mobile devices collecting context and eventually provide
service provisioning for the users through the sharing of information in a ubiquitous
computing environment [1]. This change will involve technical, social and
organisational challenges [2].
The vision for the next generation Web as the Semantic Web [3], is now often
combined with Web 2.0 technology to predict Web 3.0. Information is accompanied
by metadata about its interpretation, so that more intelligent and more accessible
information-based services can be provided. With these new possibilities we need to
increase users’ abilities to express what information and services they need. For our
personalisation we will use Semantic Web technology as the enabler. The core
components in the Semantic Web and its applications will be the ontologies. An
ontology can be seen as an explicit representation of a shared conceptualisation [4]
that is formal [5].
Personalisation is needed to overcome information overflow and the traditional one
size fits all approach. By knowing the user one can improve the quality of services
delivered. Information about a user can be used to target services directly to a specific
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user. One of the main challenges and potential for future contextualised and
personalised support lies in the combination of public and private information and the
combination of personalisation and contextualisation [6]. Research has been done on
adapting information according to the context the user is in. However, little research
has been done in focusing on offering the right services at the right time.
Here we focus on the personal profile. The developed case environment is related
to food shopping, where users in some situations have to make non-trivial decisions.
Mobile services within the food shopping domain is currently being investigated by
the GS1 MobileCom [7]. We want the system to be able to decide what can be
relevant in a particular situation. Depending on what the goal is for a specific user,
varying parts of profile and context will assist in the personalisation process. Being on
the move it is important for users to receive the right information at the right time, and
at the same time being able to exchange and control information that is necessary to
make this possible.
The rest of the paper is organised as follows. First, selected parts of our food
shopping case are described. Then, the developed ontologies are described together
with the necessary types of information about a person. Third, the overall architecture
is presented. Related work is presented in section 5. Finally, conclusions are drawn.
2 Case Environment
The main sources of information for the creation of the profile are the personas and
the scenarios. A persona describes users quite detailed, while the scenarios put the
persona in a realistic situation.
2.1 Persona: Bill and his Family
A persona is a description about an imaginary user that explains who he is, his beliefs
and goals etc. Such a description can therefore explain the decisions and choices he
makes. Personas can be used as an interaction design technique with significant
influence on development of new software [8]. They work as a shared basis for
communication, and for engagement in the group that are going to use them [8, 9]. By
understanding a fictitious user one is better prepared to be able to predict how a
different person than himself would behave in a specific situation.
Our family personas consist of five persons; a mother, a father and three children,
and they constitute a household. Family members have preferences and wants, and
sometimes the preferences do not match. When there is a conflict, the parents have
the last word. Here we focus on the father, Bill. These keywords describe Bill; 39
years old, conscious about contents of food, prefers healthy, non-harmful food,
prefers ecologically produced food, small carbon footprint if possible, FairTrade is
regarded positive, price is an issue, but not the most important one, have certain
affinities, likes to have a preset shopping list and finds it difficult to adapt on the spot.
The shopping list of the day can be regarded as a temporary interest, while the
preferences for certain makes and brands can be regarded as stable interest. Note that
the temporary interest relative to today’s shopping list is recurrent at different
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intervals (e.g. if milk is bought today, it will typically turn up again the week after.
Products that one does not get, might be replaced, or might stay on the list).
We understand that Bill and his family are interested in what they eat. When one is
conscious about food, what it contains and how it is produced, it is important to easily
find relevant information about products. However, it can often be challenging and
time consuming to find this information manually on the declaration. Therefore
assistance in the food shopping process is highly relevant for Bill.
2.2 Scenario: Bill Shopping Food
In this selected scenario, Bill is out shopping on a Tuesday evening. The shopping list
was prepared in advance, and consists of items for the whole family. Bill finds it
difficult to adapt on the spot, and consequently he prefers a complete shopping list in
advance. The scenes are illustrated in Figure 1. Bill has strawberry jam on the list, but
the type they usually buy is sold out. On the shelf there are many alternatives, and Bill
does not know which one to choose. A jam has typically more than ten different types
of information related to it. Since Bill has specific concerns regarding the contents of
food, it is important for him to avoid certain ingredients. Instead of reading the
declaration of contents for all the available strawberry jams, he provides a query for
alternatives, a request, to the personalisation system (e.g. scanning the bar code of an
available jam and select alternative product). The result of the request is a response
from the system, which is a prioritised list of jams according to his preferences and
the knowledge about the different jams (and of the jam that is originally preferred).
Fig. 1. Scenes from scenario – Request for alternative product
The result is delivered to Bill’s device, and gives Bill information enough to make
a well-founded choice. The rest of the alternatives have been excluded due to low
relevance. Bill chooses the second alternative because he does not mind the additive
potassium sorbate. The reason several alternatives are given is that the preferences
only give an indication for what the system thinks can be most relevant, and there is
not necessarily one correct answer. Presenting only one result could eliminate other
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relevant products. By presenting the most relevant ones and providing information
about them, it is up to the user to make a final decision.
3 The Personal Profile and Food Ontology
Before we describe the ontology we will shortly describe the background for the
process and how we have proceeded with the creation of the profile ontology.
3.1 Profile Information and the Process
Characteristics described in the personas are partly used for structuring. They give
indications for necessary properties and classes, particularly with regards to personal
information and stable interests. We also use the scenarios to extract information that
is necessary or useful to achieve the personalisation we propose. To do this, the
scenarios have been analysed in more detail with regards to the personalisation
process. The scenarios also tell much about the stable and temporary interests.
Since the goal is not to create a complete profile, we focus on general concepts that
make it possible to achieve the successful personalisation we aim for. Therefore, the
profile will only consist of a portion of the information that should be part of a
complete profile. The contents will be constrained by our scenarios, but could be
extended to cover other areas and more details. Since many of terms that need to be
modelled are more abstract than physical, effort to decide how to model it has been
needed. This has also been an issue as to which classes that needs to be included and
how they are to be related and modelled in relation to other classes.
Since we focus on mobile food shopping support we have limited the scope for the
rest of the world that is modelled. We look at the food domain that can be related to
local supermarkets in our neighbourhood. Figure 2 illustrates the top level of classes
in the ontology, while Figure 3 illustrates top level relations. Some of these will be
referred to in the examples. Many of the defined classes will not be mentioned since
they are included for reasoning purposes related to useful classifications used in the
personalisation process by the mediator. We focus on the classes that are relevant for
the described persona and scenario in section 2, and which are used to define a person
and related parts of the food domain.
The information in the personal profile can be divided in three main parts. The first
category is termed personal information. Personal information consists of categories
of information that is common for all users. Personal information is useful to identify
the demographic properties of users. Many of these can be derived from the persona
description. They change very seldom and typical examples are name, birth date and
address. This type of information is particularly useful when connecting to a new
service provider who is interested to know who you are and where you live or what
your phone number is etc.
The second category is termed stable interests. It is called stable because the type
of information does not change frequently, due to importance and relevance. Once a
user has an interest, he is likely to have this interest for a longer time span, e.g. favour
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a specific producer of jam. The interest for this producer is the same from one week to
another.
Sometimes it is useful to be able to specify interests or activities that do not last
over a longer time span. Therefore, the third category is termed temporary interests.
For a shorter time period a user could be interested in for example buying a new
digital compact camera. In our case the daily shopping list represent the temporary
interests. As soon as the goal is fulfilled, it is no longer part of the personal profile.
Fig. 2. Protégé class hierarchy
3.2 Describing Personal Information
The profile is centred around the Person class, which will be the main part with
regards to representing an actual person. Bill will be represented as an instance of the
Person class. The properties we have included to describe who a person is, are his
name, his family relations etc. Some of the datatype properties included are hasName
(type String), hasAge (type int), hasBirthday (type date) and the object properties
hasGender, hasFamilyRelations with subpropeties isMarriedTo and hasChild. We
have included properties for both age and birthday, so that we do not have to compute
age. A person can be either a Man or a Woman (not both), and are connected through
the hasGender relation. Many of the relations related to personal information
correspond to relationships also modelled in GUMO+UbisWorld [10] and SUMO
[11]. We have not used these unabrighted though, since an earlier analysis [12] has
shown that existing ontologies in this area are not directly reusable.
The personal information part has not been very important in our scenarios, and
therefore we only include basic personal information. This part can be extended as it
in many situations is useful to exchange detailed and extensive personal information
(address, account information, phone number etc.) in an easy and controllable way.
Personal information is used in many situations, and in the connection to new service
providers controlled exchange or shared access of personal information can be useful.
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3.3 Describing Interests
Stable interests are the most important type of information as to being able to find out
the relevance of a specific service or information, and to target services to individual
users. All the different preferences for a person belong to this group.
Long-term interests are important, and from the persona and scenario we see that it
is useful to be able to indicate relative interest. As we can se from the persona Bill, we
want to be able to specify to what degree he prefers for example ecologically
produced food and fair trade food. Many of such preferences of a person are regarding
how good or how bad he prefers or likes something or not. Such value partitions in
our model are intended to indicate that a specific relation can have different levels of
intensity or degree. We have chosen to select levels corresponding to high, medium
and low for the different gradings. We have modelled this as value partitions that later
can be further subdivided if necessary. Our value partitions belong to the class
Modifiers, and all the different modifiers are modelled as disjoint classes which
exhaustively partition the parent class representing the feature. The class Modifiers
has the subclasses ADHDAdditiveAffinity, EcoAffinity, FairTadeAffinity and
PriceSensitivity. Class EcoAffinity is divided into subclasses HighEcoAffinity,
MediumEcoAffinity and LowEcoAffinity and similar for the other affinities except
ADHDAdditiveAffinity. ADHDAdditiveAffinity is a class that is included for being able
to say that one avoids additives with a certain effect with regards to the medical
diagnosis ADHD. Each modifier can be connected to the Person class through object
properties hasEcoAffinity and similar for the other affinities. All affinity properties are
subproperties of hasAffintiy. The combination of different affinities makes it possible
to use them together in different ways in the search for relevant services, and this is
done by the mediator during the personalisation process. A person having a high
affinity for ecological products, would typically value products that are ecologically
produced very positive. Someone not interested in ecological food would not indicate
any interest related to ecological food, and hence the fact that a product is
ecologically produced or not would not affect any possible rankings.
Fig. 3. Protégé top level object and data type property hierarchy
While many of the persona characteristics indicate what the personal information
and the stable interests are, the shopping list indicates the father’s and the household’s
temporary interests. Temporary interests are important to understand the particular
situation the user is in and his needs at the moment. To make it possible for Bill to
specify which items are on the shopping list, there is a class ShoppingList, where
Bill’s list can be registered. It can for example be the individual BillsShoppingList,
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which is a type of ShoppingList, that can be related to particular food and food
products (e.g. Hervik Ecological strawberry jam) through the shoppingListItem
property. When we know some characteristics of a person, it is possible to use this
information to define new classes (e.g. class EcoConcerenedPerson which are all
instances that are persons and have the affinity high for ecologically produced food).
3.4 Food and Related Concepts
In addition to representing people, there are classes that have been included to
describe concepts about the food domain. For this we have used a public food
taxonomy [13] for information about existing processed food and commodities. It
seems that there is currently no complete overview of products and list of contents of
products online. Therefore, the information about jams and its ingredients has been
manually collected from the products’ list of contents out in actual supermarkets. Due
to the political focus on food-safety, it is not unlikely that such information will be
made publically available in a digital form in the future. What we then need is to
connect the information we have about food and the actual persons that are modelled
in the Person class.
The main classes are Food, FoodInformation and NonFood. The class Food has
been separated in Commodity and ProcessedFood. Class Additives is a subclass of
NonFood. The class Jam is a subclass of ProcessedFood, which is a subclass of Food.
The jam that Bill is looking for is typically an instance of one of Jam’s subclasses
StrawberryJam. We have named the instance HervikStrawberryJam.
FoodInformation has subclasses Producer and QualityMark. The class Producer
represents all the different kinds of producers, e.g. like the ones producing jam in the
scenario; Nora, Ica and Hervik. These are represented as individuals. Food can only
be marked as Ecological or FairTrade, which are the instances of QualityMark.
Types of Food are connected to Producer through the properties hasProducer.
Whether a product is ecologically produced or not, is specified through the property
hasQualityMark (which is a subproperty of hasProductProperties). All products that
have the quality mark ecological are considered ecologically produced food.
4 Overall Personalisation Architecture
Here we present the personal profile in relation to the other necessary components.
The mediator is responsible for the personalisation and connects the right users with
the right services. To do this, the mediator is provided the necessary parts of the
profiles, information about the domain and devices etc. These sources of information
are used in the different steps in the personalisation process. All the service
agreements and searches for services (providers) are done through the mediator.
The process is initiated by the expression of a request which represents the user’s
goal in a particular situation (by user or service provider). The user poses such a
request from his mobile device. The request starts the personalisation process
performed by the mediator. The profile, which should be stored at a trusted third
party, will be available in the process providing the mediator with relevant profile
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information. This profile information will be used together with the information about
the domain, which in our case is about food and food products. The preferences in the
profile are defined in relation to what information that is to be found about food, e.g.
is a person’s concern in ecological produced food related to the way the a particular
product is produced. The main steps of the mediator as the matchmaker are pre-
processing of goals, find services, compose services, adapt result to device and
delivery. Several sources of available information are involved in the personalisation.
External knowledge represents information sources that the mediator has access to,
but not necessarily owns and administers. Where these sources of information are
physically stored is not the focus of the current paper. The important thing here is the
use of information, and the benefits gained in the personalisation in the form of
relevant services. The real world is observed by sensors, and parts of it can be
perceived and interpreted as context information. Context information can for
example be a user’s location, location of other users, the weather and time of the day.
Fig. 4. Overall personalisation architecture
A user request represents an explicit need or goal of the user, and corresponds to
pull services as the user is the active part. Requests are sent directly to the mediator
which is responsible for the matching. In addition to explicit requests posed by users,
it is also possible for the mediator to support users’ implicit goals. Trying to satisfy a
user’s implicit goal correspond to push services, where the user is a passive part. In
such cases the mediator is able to find matches between available services and users’
profiles that match a particular service or group of people the provider is interested in.
For both types of requests it is important that the response provides a result that is
relevant for the user. In the presented scenario, Bill proposes an explicit request.
While the user perceives the personalisation process as one step with one input and
one output, the mediator actually performs a set of steps to be able to return a
response to the user according to the initial request. Hence, from the user’s side, the
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communication with the mediator in the scenario will be perceived as a simple service
that retrieves an alternative product based on the request he poses. Figure 4 illustrates
the main steps in the personalisation process. However, in the steps of the
personalisation process to produce relevant results for the user, the mediator in many
cases executes more than one service to produce the result that is to be delivered.
Non-functional requirements (performance, throughput, response time etc.) are also
important, but our focus has been on the functionality that is to provide relevant
services to the user.
When the mediator receives the request it has to do some pre-processing before the
request can be handled. This depends on how the requests are expressed, and how
they are going to be used in the search for alternative services. If several services are
needed to fulfil the request, then the request needs to be split up in separate parts so
that smaller services can be found. These parts will be called sub-requests. A request
or sub-requests should make it possible to find services that imply the possibility of
delivery of relevant results to the user.
After the request has been transformed, it will be used to search for services that
can satisfy the request. It is necessary for the success of the personalisation that the
services retrieved, which will lead to the delivered response, are relevant for the user.
If more than one service can be considered relevant, the most relevant service should
be selected. Services can be relevant at two levels. At the first level of the matching
we are concerned with finding relevant services according to the request. In this
matter a relevant service is a service that can satisfy the request fully or partially. On
the next level we speak about the relevance of the result of the execution of a service.
This is particularly useful when the service delivers multiple results. In cases where a
service gives several results, it is necessary to chose one or more that are relevant to
the user. To do this, personal information is an important factor to be able to decide
what is relevant and how relevant it is. In this step, sorting of the information is
important. Like in the presented scenario, several smaller services are necessary to
produce a prioritised list of alternative jams, e.g. find all alternative products, find out
to which degree a specific jam satisfy a user’s preferences, sort alternatives by
relevance.
When a service (or several services) has been found, it will be used to find or
reason over information in the knowledge base. The selection of which information to
be chosen to be a part of the result is influenced by this information. In some cases
retrieved information needs to be ranked. Then the most relevant information should
be selected to be a part of the delivery of the response. In the presented scenario the
system actually finds ten different alternatives, but only presents a selection of the
four most relevant results. Since devices have different abilities, the result should be
adapted according to device specification. When the result has been set according to
the user’s device, it should be delivered to the user.
5 Related Work
The need for systems to adapt to their users has been recognised in many application
areas. So far much focus has been with regards to applications intended for stationary
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computers. Personalisation for mobile systems has a different focus, where services
and the control and automatic selection of services are important. For a mobile user it
is essential to be in charge of the flow of information and services. Exactly what
personalisation will mean for future mobile services and how it should be done is still
more open. However, personalisation is a compelling feature for mobile
communication systems for both end users and service providers. I the busy life of
mobile users relevant services are important.
Originally user modelling techniques were restricted to desktop systems on
stationary computers. Lately there has been an increase in ubiquity of mobile and
embedded devices. Hence, it has become apparent that in many cases the recognition
and modelling of the user’s external context is essential [14]. Ontology based user
modelling is a direction where ontologies are used to structure user models [15].
There have been several proposals with regards to models of users using ontologies.
Some ontologies are described as personal profiles and are publicly available (for
viewing and editing) and referenced in papers (e.g. [11], [16]). However, there are
also many ontologies only described in papers (e.g. [17],[18],[19],[20]). A common
feature is that most of the ontologies are built from scratch.
The field of user modelling is said to contribute significantly to the enhancement of
the effectiveness and usability of ubiquitous computing systems. On the other side,
the field of ubiquitous computing is building the technological basis for these
systems. This new technological basis offers the user modelling community
opportunities to apply their methods to new kinds of systems. The combination of
user modelling and the technological basis of ubiquitous computing can contribute to
extending the methods themselves in the process [14].
The biggest change regarding personalisation is the focus on a person as one
individual, and not a heterogeneous group. Focusing on individuals, other factors than
earlier can be relevant for the personalisation process. When one says that
personalisation is concerned with tailoring specifically to one individual user, other
factors than just the user will be relevant, e.g. the result of personalisation in different
settings or contexts should differ.
6 Conclusion and Future Work
A world where people have the possibility to be connected to the Internet everywhere
and anytime poses new challenges as how to provide relevant information and
services to mobile users. Today users have no way of controlling and providing
necessary information that can improve the quality of services they receive.
Personalisation by the use of personal and contextual information is what we propose
to improve the situation and open up for new possibilities for users and service
providers.
When mobile personalisation is successful, it can lead to several positive effects.
Service providers can personalise services according to user needs and interests to
reach the right customers, and users can receive services and information that actually
is relevant. An effect of relevant services and information can be a wish to be loyal to
the provider (lock-on). On the opposite we have lock-in, which can be characterised
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as a situation where the effort of changing provider exceeds the advantages of the
change of provider. Sharing of information between users and providers can lead to
an increase of trust when the information leads to delivery of relevant services for the
user.
Personas and scenarios have worked well in the process of visualising the
personalisation process, and the use of the actual profile information. In addition to
understanding the steps in the process, the personas and scenarios have been useful in
the modelling of the profile. The information in the profile is an important factor
when the personalisation is to rank different alternatives available and for exchanging
personal information, for example when joining a new social community. From the
simple scenario presented here we see the benefits the father achieves by having
shared his profile information. He receives a list of relevant strawberry jams
available, and can by himself make a choice of which one to buy.
In addition to physical concepts, it is necessary to also include abstract concepts
that need to be modelled in a logical way. Therefore, building a personal profile was
challenging. Several solutions of modelling a profile are possible. Since many
different types of information about a person can be included, we have used personas
and scenarios to limit the scope. The profile has been created to cover the areas of
developed personas and scenarios. For the creation of the profile, the parts related to
food and food products have been the easiest to model as they are physical concepts.
Since many of the personal information relations are so similar in many areas, they
were also ok to model, especially since we only included the most basic information.
It was challenging to represent what we have termed stable and temporary interests,
and decide how they were to be related to the actual food product so that relevance
could be computed. Logical class names and names of relations are more troublesome
to define, and at the same time one has to comply with the ontology language and
tool. Several iterations have been necessary.
The ontology in OWL DL is used in a prototype which uses OWL API [21] and the
reasoner Pellet [22] for inference, where the information in the ontology is used in the
personalisation process. The overall goal is to show that successful personalisation
can be enabled where the user is provided with relevant services that are targeted
particularly for him that is suitable in the situation the user is in. We believe this can
be achieved by the combination of personal and contextual information. The
developed scenarios will be used for the evaluation of the personalisation proposed
and its success. The implementation will be evaluated according to developed
personas and scenarios. In addition, the personalisation concepts will be tested using
mock-ups with test people through the RECORD Living Lab [23].
For future use, it can be feasible to combine manual maintenance of the personal
profile with automatic building and adaption of profile information (e.g. through
analysis of what a person or family actually buys, or through opinion mining finding
identifying products with a lot of positive or negative mentionings). When other
people’s opinions are to be considered, the opinions of like-minded people should be
more valued than general opinions, and such are typically to find in communities with
similarly disposed persons.
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23.RECORD Living Lab, http://www.recordproject.org
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