Over the past few years moving objects have been a subject of considerable research attention in the fields of spatio-temporal databases and geographical information science. The range of potential applications is large and cover many areas, but has been so far limited to conventional domains of GIS. This talk will take a different perspective, by considering moving objets not in land but at sea, and will survey current techniques, research advances and issues of the specific domains around objects at sea. The talk will survey current maritime information systems and navigation-aided systems and some of the research projects developed so far at the Naval Academy Research Institute in France, while emphasizing some of the research challenges still open.
Moving objects at sea: trends and challenges
MOVE (Knowledge Discovery from Moving Objects) Moving objects at sea: trends and
challenges
Part I Current trends Moving objects at sea: scope • The way we consider moving objects at sea are the ones, mainly ships, closely related to the modelling, monitoring, simulation, visualization and analysis of maritime data, while applications cover transportation, environmental studies and security (amongst others) • Research and application fields : – Maritime and geographical information systems – Spatio-temporal data analysis and spatio-temporal data mining – Visualisation, simulation and decision-aid systems – Human factors, … Maritime Navigation: context • Ships and control centres have to face many safety problems due to : – Staff reduction – Traffic increase, dangerous materials – Piracy and terrorism risks – Multiple and heterogeneous positioning and navigation systems to integrate (AIS, ARPA, Argos, Iridium, ECDIS,) – … Maritime Navigation: Context • Identifying new rules and promoting new standards and products for the improvement of safety at sea is a constant objective of the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) • Recent progress in automated navigation includes navigationaid systems that combine automated positioning systems – Global Positioning Systems (GPS) – Automatic Radar Plotting Aids (ARPA) – Automatic Identification System (AIS) – Satellite-based systems (LRIT, LORAN, INMARSAT) • With Electronic Chart Display and Information Systems (ECDIS) Maritime Data Integration Environment
GPS
Automatic Radar Plotting Aid (ARPA) 7 ARPA: equipment associated to navigation radar in order to follow tracks and avoid collision Moving objects at sea: trends and challenges
Département Informatique, École Navale Radar Track Identification • ARPA systems identify – Route or heading of observed ships – Speed – Closing Point of Approach (CPA): the nearest point that an echo can reach according observer – Time to Closing Point of Approach (TCPA): time to reach the CPA Ship track need other mechanism to identify it observer
buoy radar location Radar Limitations • Small ships can be mistaken for sea echoes in the case of rough sea due to small echoes • Non accessible areas – Hidden by the coast – Over the limit of the radar • No direct distinction between stable and dynamic boats • Track monitoring difficult when ships are crossing Automatic Identification System (AIS) • A ship fitted with AIS receives navigation data sent by surrounding ships, by its maritime VHF (one VHF transmitter, two VHF Time Division Multiple Access receivers and one VHF Digital Selective Calling receiver) – Mandatory (IMO) From july 2005 for ship of more of 500 T and 300 T with passengers – It is a solution comparable to aeronautic transponders • Transmitted data include textual data such as name, length, speed and position of every AIS-connected ship in the neighbourhood. Incoming data come from different sources and sensors such as GPS and speed meters • The AIS is able to operate in autonomous and continuous mode for operations in all areas, it is not constrained by the topography as is the ARPA system Automatic Identification System • AIS system includes – GPS – Transponder itself – VHF antenna transmitting message using two bands, • 87B (161,975 MHz) (AIS1) • 88B (162,025 MHz) (AIS2) • AIS uses 21 messages that integrate – MMSI and OMI codes – Ship name and type – Latitude, longitude – Heading, speed
Ship Type Static ship Ship from 0 to 14 knots Ship from 0 to 14 knots + change of route Ship from 14 to 23 knots Ship from 14 to 23 knots + change of route Ship more than 23 knots Ship more than 23 knots + change of route
Interval 3 min 12 s 4 s 6 s 2 s 3 s 2 s AIS Metropolitan coverage 12
18 AIS contribution to the ARPA • It helps the radar to distinguish the tracks
– Useful nearby rocky coasts • It identifies radar tracks
– Ship name obtained via VHF • It improves CPA and TCPA calculation
– Turn radius taken into account • It anticipates tracks – Routes – Destination ports '' e-navigation is the harmonised collection, integration, exchange, presentation and analysis of maritime information onboard and ashore by electronic means to enhance berth to berth navigation and related services, for safety and security at sea and protection of the marine environment '' • Combines a location-based navigation database, electronic vector charts, navigation tools, route planning and warning functionality to provide a navigation tool that can reduce the risk of human error in navigation • It is intended to replace conventional paper charts as the legal base for safe navigation • ECDIS is already being installed in large vessels that have fully operational installations Electronic Chart Display & Information Systems (ECDIS) 16
Location
ARPA
Electronic Chart Display & Information Systems (ECDIS) 17
ECDIS: Route Planning 18 Route drawing
Dangers
Route planning Route properties
19 Alarm ! settings Patterns analysis and discovery Trajectory analysis and discovery
International reports indicate that between 2,000 and 10,000 containers are dropped into the sea each year.
The problem is to retrieve container trajectories according to current and winds, or to retrieve the ships they came from
49
Sinking of Ice Prince
01/15/2008 Moving objects at sea: trends and challenges
Département Informatique, École Navale Searc and rescue (SAR) Broadcasting of safety messages Localization, tracking and guidance of SAR means Searc and rescue (SAR) . Location of incident . Type of rescue . Availability of resources . Wind and currents Compute of probability of detection: . Compute optimum rescue route . Record operations into logbook . Provide debriefing tools Searc and rescue (SAR) Oil spill: . Oil quality . Currents . Winds Compute quantity of oil: . On shore . On sea bed . Evaporated Search and rescue (SAR) Searc and rescue (SAR) Searc and rescue (SAR)
Search area Searc and rescue (SAR) Search area + rescue
ships trajectories…
57 Observing Retrieving Moving objects at sea: trends and challenges
Département Informatique, École Navale 63 Moving objects at sea: research challenges l Heterogeneous databases l Traffic control l Safety l Event tracking
Maritime data integration
Modelling and tracking of maritime navigations Diffusion of services to clients and monitoring authorities l Patterns discovery & analysis l Search And Rescue (SAR) l Simulation & Decision-aid systems l Visualisation and user interfaces Web-based visualisation VTS Services within GIS VTS Services Within GIS VTS Services Within GIS Navigation modelling and simulation S 4
User’s ship course 1500 yd range 500 yd range
S 3 1000 yd range Navigation rules Collaborative navigation modelling
GIScience 2010 – MPA - Zurich – C. Claramunt Navigation modelling and decision processes • Integration of an expert decision process into simulation platforms – Whose objective is to build realistic maritime traffic simulations and by taking into account actors and decision processes
Replay (« Grand Prix 2009 ») Moving objects at sea: trends and challenges Département Informatique, École Navale 71 What should we retain ? As citizen: we don't care too much to what is really happening
at sea, and we don't know too much about it
67 Thank you very much for your France