In this discussion paper we report on our ongoing work in applying Semantic-Web technologies for supporting business integration. Our method foresees the reengineering of conceptual models into ontologies for performing domain-semantics oriented matching. For linking models in differing modeling languages as well as different model types, we have developed a bridge ontology. The first results show the feasibility of our approach.
The need for integrating conceptual models arises at the time of
process optimization, business (re-)engineering or generally in
business integration. Typical situations are reorganizations or
mergers, leading to process and application integration
challenges. Upon integrating the conceptual models describing
the business operations and the underlying IT-support,
heterogeneously used natural language for labeling model element
labels often hinders meaningful comparison. Furthermore, the
usage of different models in differing modeling languages usually
prevents automated support in aligning, linking or merging
models. Nevertheless, models to be integrated need to be
compared regarding the intended meaning of their elements and
their structure, whereas structural analysis cannot be performed
until successful alignment of the domain language [
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exist. There are efforts in matching models concentrating on the
aspect of model language semantics based on migration or
transformation from one modeling language into another [12; 7;
10], matching models via their meta models [
For easing this workload, we propose to convert existing process, data and organizational models into ontologies and provide automated support for relating them by means of ontology matching techniques. In this, our approach may serve as a complement to the existing works in process matching as outlined, as it offers a means to semantically integrate models of different kind regarding the domain and modeling language together. Additionally, through the semantics-oriented reuse of the domain knowledge contained in models, over time the collection of linked models may be taken as a skeleton semantic domain or, more specifically, enterprise or business ontology. In the following we continue with describing our method of converting models into ontologies, followed by presenting the bridge ontology specifically designed for enabling semantic integration. We conclude with showing the method’s application using a small example, closing with a brief discussion and outlook onto our further work.
By ontologizing models the business concepts’ semantics are
made machine-accessible, independent of the modeling languages
used. The creation of a model requires knowledge of the domain
language for naming the business concepts to be described as well
as the modeling language for describing their relations and sorting
them. Reversing this process allows us to decompose a model into
the domain semantics separately from the modeling language
semantics [
In principle, for any type of model an MCO can be developed. In order to be able to link the ontologies resulting from the conversion as described, the MCOs enable references between models of the same type. For further enabling also the referencing of models of the same kind, but different type as well as also models of different kind, we use the Unifying Modeling Concepts Ontology (UMCO), which we have developed specifically for this purpose. It provides a unifying model concept for each type of modeling concept with a similar intention. In this, it represents all relevant element types for our approach, usable like a meta-meta model. The UMCO and its MCOs serve for linking modeling concepts without predefining relations beyond part-whole-definitions, as this is done in the model ontologies.
Input for the development of the UMCO has been drawn from
existing enterprise modeling languages and ontologies. Business
process modeling languages provide the means for describing
sequences of activities. They offer the idea of activities, either
being called activities, tasks, functions or actions, which start and
end with an event and are linked by flows. For the description of
the behavioral aspect of processes, the flows can be tied to logical
connectors for making decisions and showing alternative flow
paths [
Usually, matching models is a major task. To ease this workload, we partially automate this step by reengineering the conceptual domain knowledge contained in existing models as shown and relate the resulting model ontologies semantically for establishing semantic correspondence between the model ontologies’ elements. As an implementation for semantic model integration in the described manner, we develop the MODI (Model Integration) Framework as an application of our method. Our framework is realized in Java and can be accessed by a web service interface. It consists of a core component, to which tools for mapping and storage can be variably connected by adapters. Figure 3 shows the architecture. The focus of our work is on the realization of matching and establishing domain-semantics based mappings between models. Having performed the model conversions as described above, ontology matching can be performed without merging any of the input model ontologies. As the model ontologies obtained by converting process models do not contain hierarchical or mereologic relations, only element-based techniques return meaningful mappings, best by tokenization and name matching. For matching converted ERM and class model ontologies, also structure-based techniques can be used, as here in most cases subsumption and aggregation relations return exploitable ontology structures. Since the domain facts are not transferred as instances of their individual model type, it is prevented that matchings return mappings between model element types. These links are provided without creating workload for the matchers through the introduction of the MCOs and the UMCO. Furthermore, avoiding such an undesired hierarchical structure focuses the matching efforts onto the domain language independently of the original modeling language used. Figure 4 shows excerpts from two converted business process models from the travel domain as an example. Each model depicts the booking of services. The source model “Travel Reservation” is an EPC, while the target model “Travel Booking” is a UML Activity Model. They both depict the process of booking travel services, however, the domain language differs. The matching works could be performed successively as needed. Results became available from the beginning, especially after having included lexical background information from WordNet. In our framework, all mappings found as a result of matchings are stored in a repository as semantic correspondences. Thus, an initial base is being established by means of automated tools. At the time of using the resulting mapping ontology, the automatically derived information is evaluated by its users. Even though the need for manual work is reduced, the mappings found are not always perfect, but may be ambiguous or incorrect [18]. Therefore, our system facilitates user participation by enabling adding, editing and feedback provision for growth and improvement over time. The evolving repository can be queried for semantic correspondences. Thereby, a user may request references for a specific term or directly compare two ontologies. Figure 5 shows the prototypical screen of the results for a comparison of the two example business process models. With an increasing number of models included, first tendencies towards commonly used terms can become obvious. An initial terminological domain ontology emerges, consisting of the various independent model ontologies, which are linked through the mappings stored. This emerging ontology can be used at the time of creating new models searching for a suitable element label as well as for explaining the intended meaning in existing models that need to be compared and related semantically.
Combining the model ontologies with our modeling concepts ontologies allows for searching for specific model types., e.g., searching for all EPCs available, as well as for models of all types of a certain kind, e.g., such as process models either being EPC or UML Activity Models, through utilizing the corresponding unifying concept, here UMCO:Process, for detailing the query. Alternatively, searches for UMCO:Activity return all business operation steps. With the method described, not only models of the same kind can be matched and related. Instead, linking different models is possible as well with the help of the various MCOs und the UMCO.
Here we proposed an approach based on applying ontology engineering techniques for achieving semantic integration of conceptual models in the business domain. A method for reusing existing conceptual models and relating the business knowledge contained without huge manual efforts is shown. We have created a way for reengineering such non-ontological resources for meaningful relating and linking with the help of supporting ontologies especially created for this purpose. The related models can be analyzed and compared regarding the intended meaning of their elements. The automatically produced results provide a basic lightweight domain ontology without initial manual preparation and creation efforts. By including user input, a possibility for overcoming the shortcomings of automated knowledge computing is presented, as human support is included for assessing and improving the quality of the mappings found by way of automated matching. The resulting mapping collection provides support for the clarification of uncertainties and allows for semantically integrating models of any type. Our system works as a mediating medium and helps providing the grounds for concentrating on the actual questions of process integration and activity sequencing.
The system presented here has been implemented as a prototypical solution for the method developed and is being evaluated. Its application has proven the conceptual strength and practical relevance. Still, a number of aspects remain to be researched. Since the system is based on coupling existing tools for ontology matching and storing via adapters, evaluation concerning their efficiency and performance is of interest. The research concerning the comparison and combination of mapping tools has to be concluded. Furthermore, as also is the case with social software, our system needs a critical mass of users in order to be useful. Hence, it needs to be proven that the method and with this also our framework offers benefits. Overall, with our approach of semantic model integration we hope to have shown how the usage of Semantic-Web technologies may support business modeling.
Our work is supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) under grant no. 1728X07 MODI. [17] Uschold, M. and Gruninger, M., 2004. Ontologies and Semantics for Seamless Connectivity. ACM SIGMOD Record 33(4), 58–64.