Introduction


  The general topic of the workshop on Human Centered Processes (HCP) concerns the problem of
understanding and modelling human expertise in industrial settings. The particularity of the HCP
approach is focusing on natural cognition and considering as fundamental the contribution of
cognitive sciences.
  This workshop follows a series of previous Human Centered Processes conferences. The first
conference was held in Brest (France, 1999) and was mainly devoted to the application of cognitive
approaches in various fields of process control and other complex industrial problems usually
managed by Operational Researchers. The second conference, held in Luxembourg (2003), was
dedicated to distributed decision and man-machine cooperation. Both these conferences put special
emphasis upon cognitive models of decision making. The third conference (Delft, Netherlands,
2008), focused on the human actor and software agent collaboration in safety and time critical
systems-of-systems.
  The original group has been involved for years in the special working group “Human Centered
Processes” belonging to EURO, the Association of European Operational Research Societies. Now
the group is reorganizing, and a new emphasis is given to complementing traditional Operational
Research practices with cognitive issues, often neglected in industry but relevant, such as
knowledge engineering, discovery of rules, updating and maintenance of rules, rule-based systems,
models designed to aid complex human decision-making.
  This idea poses a challenge over the organization and design of contemporary manifacturing,
against the idea of systems totally detached from human cognitive procedures. Theaim is to make
possible a joint scientific and industrial research intended for analyzing and modelling advanced
manufacturing, information, or actionsystems that are strongly dependent on a balanced integration
between human and machine skills: collaborative working, cooperation, user adapted interaction,
etc. This original attitude has recently met the development of Cognitive Sciences, with the
particular emphasis on a multidisciplinary approach, suggesting the idea of helps realizing Human
Centered Designs and Technologies. The complementarity of cognitive and traditional approaches
provides a great number of additional dimensions that allow to design and analyze more complete
and complex systems.
  HCP 2011 is not devoted to a main topic, in order to encouragethe maximum scientific exchange
between practitioners in different research topics. These Proceedings collect accepted papers, that
have been sorted into different topics or lines of debate fields. The variety of themes does not mean
unrelatedness. On the contrary, all of these contributionsare attempts to show how human cognitive
processes are essential in designing and supporting complex systems, where the amount of required
automatization cannot overcome the underlying cognitive patterns based on human strategies.
  A first aspect analyzed in the workshop contributions is the relationship between designer and
customer, directly concerning the problem of user support. In particular M. Norese, E. Liguigli and
C. Novello deal with the problem of understanding users’ real needs through a direct cooperation
between them and designers, and with the creation of cognitive maps to summarize information
obtained from different sources. In administration and management new perspectives are opened by
using graphs that take into account the role of different contexts in influencing different lines of
reasoning: H.Tahir and P. Brézillon apply this approach in database management, with the goal of
developing an intelligent assistant for administrators; X.Fan, P. Brézillon, R. Zhang and L. Li use
a similar approach for a workflow management system applied to the scientists’ decision making
processes.
  Another area of interest relates to improving safety, particularly by understanding the limits of
interfaces. P. Carvalho, J. Gomes and M.Borges examined safety problems arising in nuclear
power plants, where most critical processes depend on control room operator’s interaction with
interfaces. They used cognitive task analysis to examine problems in operator training and propose
a new interface design that helps the operator in incident management. C. Calefato, L. Minin and
R. Montanari are interested in the car driving behavior. Their research is aimed at improving the
safety systems by constructing a user model that allows to predict the driver’s behavior. The aim is
to build intelligent vehicles by combining the study of vehicle technology with the performance of
drivers. A. Chialastri’s contribution describes a new designer perspective in aviation: going beyond
the classical “human friendly” design, to create systems better defined as “pilot friendly”, that take
into account the pilots’ experience. In this perspective, a shift is required from “reactive”
interventions after accidents to “proactive” actions.
  Three papers concern support systems for health and welfare. S. Apolonio, L. de Deus, M.
Borges and A. Vivacqua carry out a study using Google Docs as a collaborative writing aid for
hearing impaired people. They found that this tool is effective in helping the interaction with non-
impaired people. M-A. Sujan, S. Pozzi, C. Valbonesi and C. Ingram deal with the general ability
of keeping control when adverse events happen. They describe some resilient behaviors in
hospitals, using namely personal trading, shared awareness and seeking help. Using qualitative
analysis of reports, their study shows that those behaviors are based on personal experience and
initiative, often without enough support from the organization. F. Cavallo, M. Aquilano, G.
Anerdi, M.C. Carrozza, P. Dario and A. Greco present the results of a European project aimed at
developing a roadmap for intelligent systems providing personal assistance to elder and impaired
people. Originally proposed ubiquitous computing techniques (“Ambient Assisted Living”) are
extended to cognitive aspects.
  Along with risk prevention some proposals focus on human error analysis. E. Schreuder and T.
Mioch address the problem of cognitive lockup, a difficulty that arises when a person is faced with
a series of disturbing situations. They put this problem in relation to time pressure, and carried out
an experiment that shows how an almost finished task may delay the consideration of another more
urgent task. M. Frixione and A. Lieto are concerned with a classical problem, highly problematic
in AI and Cognitive Engineering, namely concept representation. They use evidence from
experimental psychology to sketch an architecture for a “dual process” concept representation in
formal ontologies taking into account the heterogeneity of human cognition.
  On the whole, contributions to this workshop show that a human-centered approach is not only
useful but necessary in joint academic and industrial research, where analyzing and modelling
advanced manufacturing, information, or action systems is strongly dependent on a balanced
integration between human and machine skills. In this endeavour, the multidisciplinary nature of
cognitive sciences (particularly Psychology, Philosophy, and Computer Science) plays a crucial role
in the necessary integration of technical perspectives with ones concerning people.




Elena Carrea, Alberto Greco, Carlo Penco