=Paper=
{{Paper
|id=None
|storemode=property
|title=The CALBC RDF Triple Store: Retrieval over Large Literature Content
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-698/paper6.pdf
|volume=Vol-698
|dblpUrl=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/swat4ls/CrosetGLKR10
}}
==The CALBC RDF Triple Store: Retrieval over Large Literature Content==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-698/paper6.pdf
!"#$%&'(%$)*+$!,-./#$012,#3$$
,#1,-#45/$24#,$/5,6#$/-1#,517,#$8291#91$
!"#$%&'()*+%,-.'(/)0+,*1/'2)"3#4&&%)-.'(/%5'60-.''
!0&7%+,)"+'8"7"&0"$+9"+-.':0%,)0;/'<%3/*&=>!;/$/#"55-'
'
'?@A6'B$,+,",0*5.'?$)*1%"5'A0*05C*)#",0;+'D5+,0,$,%.''
-
E05F,*5.'("#3)0GH%.'(A-I'-!:.'JK8K'
L()*+%,.'2)"3#$%&.'(/%5&0.'8"7"&0".'<%3/*&=MN%30K";K$9'
&:01,581;' D5,%H)",0*5' *C' ,/%' +;0%5,0C0;' &0,%)",$)%' 05,*' "' 30*#%G0;"&' )%+%");/'
05C)"+,)$;,$)%' )%O$0)%+' ,/%' 1)*;%++05H' *C' ,/%' &0,%)",$)%.' 0G%5,0C0;",0*5' *C' ,/%'
;*5,"05%G'5"#%G'%5,0,0%+'PQ?+R'"5G';*5;%1,+.'"5G',*')%1)%+%5,',/%';*5,%5,'05'"'
+,"5G")G0+%G'S"TK''
U/%' (V6A(' 1)*W%;,' 1"),5%)+' PXX+R' /"7%' 1)*G$;%G' "' &")H%>+;"&%' "55*,",%G'
30*#%G0;"&' ;*)1$+' S0,/' C*$)' G0CC%)%5,' +%#"5,0;' H)*$1+' ,/)*$H/' ,/%'
/")#*50+",0*5' *C' "55*,",0*5+' C)*#' "$,*#",0;' ,%F,' #0505H' +*&$,0*5+' P!0&7%)'
!,"5G")G' (*)1$+.' !!(RK' U/%' C*$)' +%#"5,0;' H)*$1+' S%)%' ;/%#0;"&' %5,0,0%+' "5G'
G)$H+'P(E?:R.'H%5%+'"5G'1)*,%05+'PX<2?R.'G0+%"+%+'"5G'G0+*)G%)+'P:D!BR'"5G'
+1%;0%+' P!X?RK' U/%' ;*5,%5,' *C' ,/%' !!(' /"+' 3%%5' C$&&T' 05,%H)",%G' 05,*' <:Y'
U)01&%' !,*)%' PZ.[\].\^]' ,)01&%+R' "5G' /"+' 3%%5' "&0H5%G' S0,/' ;*5,%5,' C)*#' ,/%'
2%5%V,&"+'P-]_.]ZI',)01&%+R.'J50X)*,83'P-_.[[_._`a',)01&%+'C*)'/$#"5R'"5G',/%'
&%F0;"&')%+*$);%'6%F?AD'PA0*6%F0;*5RK'<:Y'U)01&%'!,*)%'%5"3&%+'O$%)T05H',/%'
+;0%5,0C0;'&0,%)",$)%'"5G'30*05C*)#",0;+')%+*$);%+'",',/%'+"#%',0#%'C*)'%70G%5;%'
*C'H%5%,0;';"$+%+.'+$;/'"+'G)$H',")H%,+'"5G'G0+%"+%'057*&7%#%5,K'
<#=>2,?03$U)01&%'!,*)%.'U%F,'@0505H.':","'D5,%H)",0*5'
@$$$A91,2?781-29$
U/%'+;0%5,0C0;'&0,%)",$)%'0+',/%'1)0#")T'G","')%+*$);%')%1*),05H'*5'5*7%&'C05G05H+'C)*#'
,/%' +;0%5,0+,K' D5' ,/%' 30*#%G0;"&' G*#"05.' ,/%' +;0%5,0C0;' &0,%)",$)%' 0+' 05;)%"+05H&T'
%#3%GG%G' 05,*' ,/%' )%"&#' *C' ,/%' +;0%5,0C0;' G","3"+%+K' ' U/0+' &%"G+' ,*' ,/%' 5%%G' ,*'
05,%)&059',/%';*5,%5,'C)*#',/%'&0,%)",$)%'S0,/',/%';*5,%5,'C)*#',/%'+;0%5,0C0;'G","3"+%+'
"5G',*'%F1&*0,'3*,/')%+*$);%+',/)*$H/',/%'+"#%'#%"5+'*C'";;%++.'C*)'%F"#1&%'$+05H'"'
+05H&%' "11&0;",0*5' C*)' 3)*S+05H' "&&' G","' )%+*$);%+' *)' 1%)C*)#05H' "5"&T+%+' ";)*++' ,/%'
G","')%+*$);%+'C*)';*5+0+,%5;T'"5"&T+%+'"5G'/T1*,/%+0+',%+,05H'b-.'_cK''
DG%"&&T'3*,/')%+*$);%+')%1)%+%5,',/%'+"#%',T1%'*C'05C*)#",0*5K''J5C*),$5",%&T.',/%'
30*#%G0;"&'+;0%5,0C0;'G","')%+*$);%+')%1)%+%5,';*5,%5,'"5G'0,+'+%#"5,0;+',/",'0+'G%C05%G'
3T' ,/%' G","3"+%' 1)*70G%)' S/*' C*&&*S+' %0,/%)' /0+' *S5' G%#"5G+' *)' ,/%' G%#"5G+' *C' "'
+#"&&%)'1"),'*C',/%'+;0%5,0C0;';*##$50,T'b`cK''D5',/%'+"#%'S"T.',/%'+;0%5,0C0;'&0,%)",$)%'
;*57%T+' ,/%' +%#"5,0;+' *C' ,/%' "$,/*)' S/0;/' 0+' 5*,' 5%;%++")0&T' "&0H5%G' S0,/' ,/%'
+%#"5,0;+'*C',/%'1)0#")T'G","')%+*$);%+'bZcK'V+'"')%+$&,.',/%';$)",*)+',*',/%'30*#%G0;"&'
!"#$%&#'#"()*&*(+$!,-+"$!(+$"$#.$(&/$(+,0$(*!(1*&$2$$3$+!(4$&5$$%(&/$(0#&$+*&-+$(*%)(&/$(
3+#6*+7(4#,6$)#"*0()*&*(+$!,-+"$!8(
9%( +$"$%&( 7$*+!:( !#1%#'#"*%&( !"#$%&#'#"( $'',+&!( /*.$( 4$$%( !3$%&( &,( $;3,+&( )*&*4*!$(
!$6*%&#"!( &,( )*&*( +$3+$!$%&*&#,%!( &/*&( ',00,5( ,3$%( !&*%)*+)!( *%)( $;30#"#&07( !&*&$( &/$(
!$6*%&#"!(,'(&/$(",%&$%&8(<%$(,'(&/$(6,!&(,3$%(!&*%)*+)!(#!(&/$(+$3+$!$%&*&#,%(,'()*&*(
#%(=>?(*%)(&/$()$0#.$+7(,'()*&*(#%(&+#30$(!&,+$!(&,(*"/#$.$(!$6*%&#"(#%&$+,3$+*4#0#&7(#%(
&/$(@$6*%&#"(A$4(BC:D:E:FG8(H/#!(*33+,*"/(0$*)!(&,(&/+$$(6*#%(*).*%&*1$!I(?#+!&:(&/$(
-!$( ,'( ",%"$3&!( *%)( +$0*&#,%!( &/*&( *+$( !3$"#'#$)( 4*!$)( ,%( )$'#%#&#,%!( *.*#0*40$( '+,6(
,3$%(*""$!!(+$!,-+"$!(0$*)!(&,(",%!#!&$%&(+$-!$(,'(",%&$%&(*"+,!!()#!&+#4-&$)(+$!,-+"$!(
BJ:(KLG8(@$",%):(&/$(!&*%)*+)#!$)(*%)(&+*%!3*+$%&()*&*( +$3+$!$%&*&#,%(#63+,.$!(+$-!$(
,'( )*&*( *%)( $++,+( /*%)0#%1( BCG8( H/#+):( &/$( !#630#"#&7( *%)( 1$%$+*0#&7( ,'( &/$( )*&*(
+$3+$!$%&*&#,%(!-33,+&!(0*+1$M!"*0$(*%)(!$*60$!!($;30,#&*&#,%(,'(&/$()*&*(BFG8(<.$+*00:(
&/$( -!$( ,'( )*&*( *"+,!!( )*&*( +$!,-+"$!( +$N-#+$!( ,3$%( !&*%)*+)!:( 4-&( &/$( !"#$%&#'#"(
0#&$+*&-+$(#!(%,&(%$"$!!*+#07(3*+&(,'(&/$()*&*(#%&$1+*&#,%(*%)()*&*()#!&+#4-&#,%(*"&#.#&#$!8(
H/$( 0#&$+*&-+$( +$3,+&#%1( ,%( 4#,6$)#"*0( +$!$*+"/( ",%&*#%!( !"#$%&#'#"( '*"&!( &/*&( *+$(
,'&$%(!-4!$N-$%&07(#%&$1+*&$)(#%&,(4#,6$)#"*0()*&*(+$!,-+"$!(5#&/(&/$(/$03(,'(6*%-*0(
"-+*&#,%8((H/#!(3+,"$!!(#!($M",%!-6#%1(*%)($++,+M3+,%$8((O-&,6*&#"(3+,"$!!$!(',+(
)*&*( #%&$1+*&#,%( ,'( '*"&!( '+,6( &/$( !"#$%&#'#"( 0#&$+*&-+$( 5,-0)( +$)-"$( "-+*&#,%( $'',+&!(
*%)( 5,-0)( +$%)$+( &/$( )*&*( &+*%!'$+( #%&,( *( ',+6*0#P$)( 3+,"$!!( &/*&( 5,-0)( -%)$+1,(
",%&#%-,-!(N-*0#&7(#63+,.$6$%&(BKG8((O-&,6*&#"(3+,"$!!#%1(,'(&/$(!"#$%&#'#"(0#&$+*&-+$(
+$N-#+$!( !&*%)*+)#!*&#,%( ,'( &/$( 3+,"$!!$!:( &/$( 6$*%!( *%)( &/$( ,-&3-&!( BKK:( KQG8( ( O(
%-64$+( ,'( #%#&#*&#.$!( /*.$( 4$$%( 3+,3,!$)( &,( 3+,.#)$( N-*0#&7( *!!-+*%"$( &,( &/$(
&+*%!',+6*&#,%(,'(&$;&(#%&,()*&*4*!$(",%&$%&8((<%(&/$(,%$(!#)$:(*%%,&*&$)(",+3,+*(/*.$(
4$$%(6*)$(*.*#0*40$(&,(&$!&(&$;&(6#%#%1(!,0-&#,%!(RSTUVWO:(V$%W#,9X:(W#,Y+$*&#.$Z(
,%(&/$(,&/$+(!#)$(&/$("-+*&#,%(&$*6!(5,+2(&,5*+)!(!/*+$)(+$!,-+"$!(&,(!&*%)*+)#!$(&/$(
,-&",6$( ,'( &/$#+( 5,+2( BK[:K\:KC:KD:KEG8( ( 9%( 3*+&#"-0*+:( &/$( 1$%$+*&#,%( *%)(
6*#%&$%*%"$(,'(,%&,0,1#"*0(+$!,-+"$!(',+6(*("+-"#*0(!&$3(#%(&/$()$.$0,36$%&(,'(!/*+$)(
!$6*%&#"(+$!,-+"$!(',+(#%&$+,3$+*4#0#&7(,'(2%,50$)1$(+$3,!#&,+#$!(BKF:KJ:QLG8(
9%( &/#!( 6*%-!"+#3&( 5$( )$!"+#4$( &/$( ",64#%*&#,%( ,'( )#''$+$%&( )*&*( +$!,-+"$!( &/*&(
/*.$(4$$%(4+,-1/&(&,1$&/$+(&,()$6,%!&+*&$(&/$(4$%$'#&!(,'(!$6*%&#"(#%&$+,3$+*4#0#&7(#%(
&/$( 4#,6$)#"*0( ),6*#%8( ( H/$( -!$( ,'( !&*%)*+)#!$)( *%%,&*&#,%!( #%( &/$( !"#$%&#'#"(
0#&$+*&-+$:( #8$8( &/$( *%%,&*&#,%!( #%( &/$( YOUWY( ",+3-!:( #%( ",64#%*&#,%( 5#&/( *( 0$;#"*0(
+$!,-+"$:(#8$8(&/$(W#,U$;#",%:(*%)(&/$()*&*(#%&$1+*&#,%(,'(4,&/(+$!,-+"$!(5#&/(3-40#"07(
*.*#0*40$( )*&*( +$3,!#&,+#$!:( #8$8( ]%#V+,&( *%)( O++*7X;3+$!!:( 0$*)( &/$( 5*7( &,( &/$(
$;30,#&*&#,%(,'(&/$(!"#$%&#'#"(0#&$+*&-+$(#%(&/$(@$6*%&#"(A$4(BQK:QQ:Q[:G8(
!"""#$%&'("
!)*"""+,'-$.,/'0"1"-$.2+3"
H/$( W#,U$;#",%( #!( *( &$+6#%,0,1#"*0( +$!,-+"$( &/*&( &/*&( ",%&*#%!( +$'$+$%"$!( &,( &$+6!(
'+,6()#''$+$%&(3+#6*+7()*&*(+$!,-+"$!I(W#,H/$!*-+-!(D8L(R#%"0-)#%1(]%#V+,&( *6,%1!&(
,&/$+( +$!,-+"$!Z:( Y/XW9( R+$0$*!$( D\Z:( TYW9( &*;,%,67:( )#!$*!$( &$+6!( '+,6( ]^U@(
R+$0$*!$(QLKLOOZ(*%)(,&/$+()*&*(+$!,-+"$!(BQ\:QQ:QC:QD:QEG8((H/$(&$+6#%,0,17(#!(2$3&(
!"# $# %&$"'$('!%)'# *+(,$&# !"# $# -./01# '$&$2$%)# *+(# &3)# 4!+1)5!6+"# $"'# !"# $"# 7-1#
*+(,$&&)'# '$&$# ()8+%!&+(.# *+(# 1)594:# ;<=>?@AB# C3)# D)5!6$D# ()%+E(6)# %)(F)%# $%# $#
6+,8D)&)# &)(,# ()8+%!&+(.# *+(# &3)# 2!+,)'!6$D# '+,$!"# $"'# )"$2D)%# '!%$,2!GE$&!+"# +*#
)"&!&.# &.8)%B# # :"# &3)# 6$%)# +*# 8(+&)!"# $"'# G)")# "$,)%# HIJK%L# M)# 6$"# '!%$,2!GE$&)#
IJK#&)(,%#&3$&#$()#8+D.%),+E%#M!&3#&3)#*+DD+M!"G#$''!&!+"$D#,)$"!"G%N#H?L#&3)#&)(,#
3$%#$#,)$"!"G#!"#G)")($D#9"GD!%3>#)BGB#OPC>#H#)BGB#!"#
&3)# 6$%)# +*# G)")(!6# )"Q.,)# "$,)%# H)BGB# +5!'+()'E6&$%)L># HRL# &3)# &)(,# !%# E%)'# *+(#
+(&3+D+G+E%# $"'# 3+,+D+G+E%# G)")%># $"'# HSL# &3)# &)(,# !%# E%)'# M!&3# $"# $D&)("$&!F)#
2!+,)'!6$D#,)$"!"G>#)BGB#*+(#()&!"+2D$%&+,$#;<=AB###
C3)# 4!+1)5!6+"# 6+"&$!"%# $# "E,2)(# +*# *)$&E()%># %E63# $%# *()TE)"6.# 6+E"&%# *+(# &3)#
+66E(()"6)#+*#&3)# &)(,# !"#&3)#4(!&!%3#K$&!+"$D# O+(8E%#H4KOL#+(#!"#-)'D!")># *+(#&3)#
"E,2)(#+*#6+"6)8&#!'%#&3$&#&3)#&)(,#2)D+"G%#&+>#*+(#&3)#"E,2)(#+*#-9/U#"+')%#&3$&#
&3)# &)(,# ,$&63)%# $"'# &3)# "E,2)(# +*# &$5+"+,!6# !'%# &3$&# $()# D!"V)'# &+# &3)# &)(,B# # PDD#
!"*+(,$&!+"#6$"#2)#E%)'#&+#'!%$,2!GE$&)#&)(,%#!"#&3)#D!&)($&E()#$G$!"%&#&3)#'!%&(!2E&!+"#
+*#&3)#&)(,#!"#+&3)(#()%+E(6)%B##W+(#)5$,8D)>#!*#$#&)(,#!%#*()TE)"&#!"#&3)#4KO>#&3)"# !&#
&)"'%#&+#2)# D)%%#%8)6!*!6#&3$"#$"+&3)(#&)(,#&3$&#$88)$(%#$&#$#3!G3)(#*()TE)"6.#$6(+%%#
-)'D!")B#C3)#4!+1)5!6+"#6+"&$!"%#&3)#*+DD+M!"G#"E,2)(#+*#)"&(!)%#H%))#&$2D)#?LB#
!"#$%& '(# # C3)# &$2D)# G!F)%# $"# +F)(F!)M# +"# &3)# 6+"&)"&# *(+,# &3)# &)(,!"+D+G!6$D# ()%+E(6)#
4!+1)5!6+"#X#1)594:B##K+&#$DD#6+"&$!")'#)"&!&.#&.8)%#$()#D!%&)'>#!B)B#&3)#&$2D)#%3+M%#+"D.#&3+%)#
)"&!&.#&.8)%#&3$$F)#2))"#!"&)G($&)'#!"&+#&3)#OP14O#&(!8D)#%&+()B##P#6+"6)8&#!'#+(#6DE%&)(#!'#
3$%# $DM$.%# $# ()*)()"6)# &+# &3)# 8(!,$(.# '$&$# ()%+E(6)# %E63# $%# Y"!I(+&# +(# &3)# KO4:# &$5+"+,.B##
C3)#6+"6)8&#!'#,$V)%#()*)()"6)#&+#&3)#8()*)(()'#&),#$"'#&3)#&)(,#F$(!$"&%B#C3)#+F)($DD#"E,2)(#
+*# E"!TE)# &)(,%# !%# D+M)(# &3$"# &3)# "E,2)(# +*# &)(,# F$(!$"&%# 'E)# &+# &)(,# $,2!GE!&.# $6(+%%# &3)#
D)5!6$D#()8+%!&+(.B#
# Clusters # Variants # Unique terms
Genes/proteins (6.0) 488,577 3,389,316 1,564,436
Chemicals 19,645 94,748 101,307
(ChEBI)
Species 643,280 199,130 838,135
Diseases 27,157 165,581 161,875
Total 1,178,659 3,848,775 2,665,753
)()&&&!*%&+,-.+&/01234&
PDD# 8(+Z)6&# 8$(&")(%# HII%L# +*# &3)# OP14O# 8(+Z)6&# $# 6+(8E%# +*# ?[=>===# -)'D!")#
$2%&($6&%# M!&3# &3)!(# &)5&# ,!"!"G# $"'# $""+&$&!+"# %+DE&!+"%B# # PDD# $""+&$&!+"%# M)()#
')D!F)()'# !"# &3)# :)7-1# *+(,$&# $"'# 6+"6)8&# "+(,$D!%$&!+"# ,$')# E%)# +*# %&$"'$('#
()%+E(6)%#%E63#$%#Y-1/>#Y"!I(+&\2>#9"&()QJ)")#+(#$&#D)$%$'#&+#*+DD+M#&3)#Y-1/#
%),$"&!6#&.8)#%.%&),#;??>R=><[><<><]AB###
!"#$%&'()*#)+$,-$+"#$%)),+%+',).$-,/$+"#$(#)#/%+',)$,-$+"#$0'&1#/$0+%)2%/2$3,/45.$6$
7003869$'.$:%.#2$,)$+"#$*#+",2.$2#.;/':#2$')$<=>?=@AB$$!"#$%44&'#2$*#+",2$5.#2$4%'/8
C'.#$ %&'()*#)+$ :#+C##)$ +C,$ %)),+%+#2$ .#+.$ -,/$ %$ ('1#)$ .#*%)+';$ +D4#B$ $ E,/$ #1#/D$
.#)+#);#$ +"#$ %)),+%+',).$ -/,*$ ,)#$ ;,)+/':5+',)$ -,/$ %$ ('1#)$ +D4#$ '.$ %&'()#2$ C'+"$ +"#$
%)),+%+',).$-/,*$+"#$)#F+$;,)+/':5+',)$-,/$+"#$.%*#$.#*%)+';$+D4#B$$G'--#/#)+$.;"#*#.$
-,/$ +"#$ .'*'&%/'+D$ *#%.5/#*#)+.$ "%1#$ :##)$ %44&'#2$ +,$ %;"'#1#$ +"#$ %&'()*#)+?$ +"#$
*#%.5/#*#)+.$ %)2$ +"#$ "%/*,)'.%+',)$ ,-$ +"#$ ;,/45.B$ $ !"#$ 00386$ "%.$ :##)$ *%2#$
45:&';&D$%1%'&%:&#$+,$#)%:&#$;"%&&#)(#$4%/+';'4%)+.$73H.9$+,$;,*4%/#$+"#'/$%)),+%+',)$
.,&5+',).$%(%').+$+"#$%)),+%+#2$;,/45.B$
!"#$%&'($$!"#$+%:&#$.",C.$+"#$)5*:#/$,-$%)),+%+',).$+"%+$%/#$;,)+%')#2$')$+"#$00386$<=I?$@>AB$
!"'.$;,/45.$"%.$:##)$(#)#/%+#2$-/,*$+"#$;,)+/':5+',).$,-$+"#$HH.B$J,+$%&&$;"%&&#)(#$4%/+';'4%)+.$
73H.9$"%1#$4%/+';'4%+#2$')$%&&$4%/+.$,-$+"#$;"%&&#)(#B$K$.*%&&#/$)5*:#/$,-$3H.$"%1#$.5:*'++#2$
%)),+%+',).$-,/$;"#*';%&$#)+'+'#.B$!"#$%1#/%(#$)5*:#/$,-$%)),+%+',).$-,/$3LMG$%)2$HNOM$')$
+"#$ .5:*'++#2$ ;,/4,/%$ C%.$ %:,1#$ +"#$ )5*:#/$ ,-$ %)),+%+',).$ ')$ +"#$ 00386$ %)2$ -,/$ G60P$ %)2$
0HM$:#&,C$+"#$)5*:#/$,-$+"#$,)#.$')$+"#$00386B$
K1#/%(#$
J/B$P-$ J/B$P-$
J/B$P-$ )/B$P-$
%))+,%+',).$ %)),+%+',).$
J/B$P-$3H. .5:*'..',).$ %)),+%+',).$
')$+"#$0038 ')$+"#$0038
-/,*$3H. -/,*$%&&$
6 66
3H.
3LMG ==Q?R== R >> =@@?@IQ =@Q?S@>
HNOM =TU?=@U I >U @S@?RQ> S@U?TIT
G60P @VV?R@T Q >> =UU?UII =SU?U=S
0HM @>T?=>> T I =TT?VT> @VS?UV@ $
$
K&&$ .5:*'..',).$ -/,*$ %&&$ 3H.$ "%1#$ :##)$ #1%&5%+#2$ %(%').+$ +"#$ 00386$ %)2$ +"#$
;,)+/':5+',).$C'+"$+"#$:#.+$E8*#%.5/#$4#/-,/*%);#$-/,*$#%;"$3H.$"%1#$:##)$.#&#;+#2$
-,/$+"#$ "%/*,)'.%+',)$')+,$+"#$003866B$$ K$1%/D')($ )5*:#/$,-$;,)+/':5+',).$ -/,*$+"#$
3H.$C#/#$%1%'&%:&#$-,/$+"#$"%/*,)'.%+',)$,-$3LMG?$0HM?$G60P$%)2$HNOM$7.##$+%:&#$
=9B$
!"#$ %&'()*#)+.$ ,-$ +"#$ >VV?VVV$ 2,;5*#)+.$ C#/#$ #'+"#/$ 4#/-,/*#2$ ,)$ 05)$ E'/#$
,4+#/,)$.#/1#/.$7S$,/$Q$3HW.?$NKX$.'Y#.$-/,*$@=$+,$=UR$O:$NKX?$I8>=$",5/.9$,/$,)$
+"#$;,*45+#$-%/*$,-$TVV$6ZX$;,*45+#$#)(')#.$725%&$3HW?$>B=8=BQ$O"Y?$=$OZ$NKX?$
@$",5/.9B$
)('&&&*+,-./01#&"+2&3.."4567.%88&
!"#$ ')+#(/%+',)$ ,-$ ;,)+#)+$ -/,*$ O#)#K+&%.$ "%.$ ),+$ :##)$ -')%&'Y#2$ D#+B$ $ O#)#K+&%.$
,--#/.$ %$ [%1%$ KH6$ -,/$ 2%+%$ #F4,/+B$ $ G'--#/#)+$ .#/'%&'.%+',).$ ')$ \X]$ %)2$ [0PJ$
;5//#)+&D$#F4,/+$>@Q$#F4#/'*#)+.B$$!"#$%)),+%+',).$,-$ +"#$ #F4#/'*#)+.$%/#$:%.#2$,)$
+"#$MF4#/'*#)+%&$E%;+,/$P)+,&,(D$7MEP9$C"';"$;,)+%').$;,);#4+.$-/,*$%$C'2#$/%)(#$
,-$;,);#4+5%&$/#.,5/;#.B$K&&$+/'4&#$.+,/#.$"%1#$:##)$'*4&#*#)+#2$:%.#2$,)$[#)%$!GZ>B$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
>$"++4^__`#)%B"4&B"4B;,*_C'a'_0GZ$
!"""#$%&'(%"
!)*"""+,($-./(01,"12"(3$"'0($./(&.$"41,($,("0,(1"(3$"(.05'$"%(1.$"
!"#$ %&'(#'($&)$ ("#$ *%+#'(+)+%$,+(#-.(/-#$+*$0-&%#**#1$(&$+1#'(+)2$#'(+(+#*3$%&'%#0(*$.'1$
).%(*$)-&4$("#$,+(#-.(/-#$5*##$)+6/-#$789$$!"#$%&'(#'($)-&4$("#$*%+#'(+)+%$1.(.:.*#$".*$(&$
:#$0-&%#**#1$(&$*/00&-($("#$'##1*$&)$("#$+')&-4.(+&'$#;(-.%(+&'$+')-.*(-/%(/-#$)&-$("#$
+1#'(+)+%.(+&'$ .'1$ '&-4.,+*.(+&'$ &)$ '.4#1$ #'(+(+#*9$ $ <$ *(.'1.-1+*#1$ (#-4+'&,&6+%.,$
-#*&/-%#$ */%"$ .*$ ("#$ =+&>#;+%&'$ 5>#;?=@8$ )/,)+,*$ ("+*$ '##1$ .'1$ 0-&A+1#*$ .11+(+&'.,$
+')&-4.(+&'$)&-$("#$1+*.4:+6/.(+&'$&)$:+&4#1+%.,$'.4#1$#'(+(+#*9$$$
!"#$ %&'(#'($ )-&4$ ("#$ *%+#'(+)+%$ ,+(#-.(/-#$ +*$ 0-&%#**#1$ /'1#-6&+'6$ #'(+(23$ %&'%#0($
.'1$ ).%($ #;(-.%(+&'9$ !"#$ %&'%#0($ .''&(.(+&'*$ )&-$ ("#$ #'(+(+#*$ .-#$ ("#'$ +'(#6-.(#1$ +'(&$
("#$(#;($.%%&-1+'6$(&$("#$@#BC>$)&-4.(D$$
HLG ´8QLSURW 67*!789:7;896#<=>?@AB9C*!!D**;9":7;89"""6#<=´!,16JHQH H!$
!"#$.''&(.(+&'*$&)$("#$#'(+(+#*$4.E#$-#)#-#'%#$(&$("#$0-+4.-2$1.(.$-#*&/-%#$&)$("#$
#'(+(+#*$.'1$.,,&F$)&-$.4:+6/&/*$.'1$'#*(#1$.''&(.(+&'*$GHIJ9$$
Scientific biomedical databases
Lexical resource
(BioLexicon / LexEBI)
Normalisation
Entity mention, e.g.
gene, disease
XML / RDF Inference,
Document formats
representation Reasoning
Concepts, e.g. Gene
Ontology
Validation of
DB content
Facts, Events, Relations
Hypothesis generation, validation, full
database integration
E0-)"*)$K-&%#**+'6$("#$*%+#'(+)+%$,+(#-.(/-#$-#L/+-#*$:.*+%$0-&%#**+'6$*(#0*$*/%"$.*$#'(-2$
.'1$ %&'%#0($ -#%&6'+(+&'$ .'1$ ,#.1*$ +'(&$ ).%(3$ #A#'($ .'1$ -#,.(+&'$ #;(-.%(+&'$ GHM3HHJ9$$
?'(+(+#*$ .-#$ '&-4.,+*#1$ (&$ :#$ ,+'E#1$ (&$ 1.(.:.*#$ %&'%#0(*9$ <$ ,#;+%.,$ -#*&/-%#$
%&'(-+:/(#*$ (&$ ("+*$ '&-4.,+*.(+&'$ *(#09$ $ !"#-#.)(#-3$ ("#$ %&'(#'($ )-&4$ ("#$ +')&-4.(+&'$
#;(-.%(+&'$ *(#0$ +*$ +'(#6-.(#1$ +'(&$ .$ (-+0,#$ *(&-#$ )&-$ )/-("#-$ +')#-#'%#$ .'1$ -#.*&'+'63$
A.,+1.(+&'$&)$("#$1.(.:.*#$%&'(#'($.'1$"20&("#*+*$6#'#-.(+&'9$
!"#$$$%&'()*+,$-.'$/*01'2*30+$4$1'25/6$*+$-.'$-(*78'$9-0('$
!"#$%#&'()*+*,(-.+$&#/*0&-#$/#&1#/$./$)*&'.+(/(),$&#/*0&-#2$!"#$345$&#/#)%.%(*)$
(/$ .--#//(7+#$ ()$ %"#$ %&(6+#$ /%*&#$ .)8$ +()9/$ %"#$ %#&'()*+*,(-.+$ %#&'$ 1.&(.)%/$ %*$ %"#$
6&('.&:$8.%.$&#/*0&-#/2$$5(,2$;$/"*$%"#$%#&'$1.&(.)%/$*>$.$?)(@&*%$
#)%&:2$A%.%(/%(-.+$()>*&'.%(*)$(/$.--#//(7+#$%*$6#&>*&'$7./(-$8(/.'7(,0.%(*)2$$B$/(),+#$
%#&'$1.&(.)%$>&*'$%"#$/-(#)%(>(-$+(%#&.%0&#$-.)$7#$&#/*+1#8$%"&*0,"$%"#$+#=(-.+$&#/*0&-#$
%*$*)#$*&$/#1#&.+$8.%.$#)%(&#/$()$%"#$7(*'#8(-.+$8.%.$&#/*0&-#2$$
;&'@674J,'C !"#$
!6;B6'+6*" A
J'4K&4*7EL*M4N(+*4 %&
!""#$%%#&'()&*+#',"),'-%
&*+#',"%./0112
+;GE#4 ?'"!,-'6#!+7
+;>6'"?@
!6;B6'+6*" A
9+5,;,C6(D(6'-4D
+;>6'"?@ ;&'@674J,'C ;&5&*+"D
C4"!E("'6*;@4'6;4F
!""#$%%333)45+)67)&8%
945!,(:%7,'4%
!""#$%%#&'(),'-%,5,%,3(% 7,'#&;<(4=45+
#'4@4''4NG4'C G'&4
OPQLG6=,*ROPQLG6=,*$ %"#$ +#=(-.+$ (%#'$ ()$ %"#$ %&(6+#$ /%*&#$ ,(1#/$ .--#//$ %*$ %"#$
8(>>#&#)%$/0&>.-#$>*&'/$*>$%"#$%#&'C$(2#2$%"#$%#&'$1.&(.)%/C$%"#$>&#D0#)-:$-*0)%/$*>$%"#$
%#&'C$ (2#2$ ()$ %"(/$ -./#$ *)$ %"#$ >&#D0#)-:$ .-&*//$ E#8+()#C$ .)8$ %"#$ &#>#&#)-#$ %*$ %"#$
6&('.&:$-*)-#6%0.+$&#/*0&-#$>*&$/#'.)%(-$()%#&*6#&.7(+(%:2$
!"!$$$%&'()*+,$-.'$;<1/;$30+-'+-$=(0>$-.'$-(*78'$9-0('$
!"#$ .))*%.%(*)/$ >&*'$ %"#$ /-(#)%(>(-$ +(%#&.%0&#$ .&#$ .--#//(7+#$ ./$ &#>#&#)-#/$ >&*'$ %"#$
8*-0'#)%$#(%"#&$*)+:$6&*1(8(),$%"#$%#&'$1.&(.)%$%*,#%"#&$<(%"$%"#$/#'.)%(-$%:6#C$*&$./$
.$-*)-#6%$&#>#&#)-#$%*$%"#$+#=(-.+$&#/*0&-#$F/##$>(,2$GH2$!"#$+.%%#&$-./#$(/$&#D0(C$(>$
%"#$&#%&(#1.+$0/#/$*)+:$%"#$-*)-#6%$(8#)%(>(#&$>*&$()%#&+()9(),$*>$%"#$+(%#&.%0&#$-*)%#)%$
<(%"$ %"#$ 7(*'#8(-.+$ 8.%.$ &#/*0&-#/2$ B++$ '#%.I8.%.$ >&*'$ %"#$ /-(#)%(>(-$ 607+(-.%(*)$ (/$
.--#//(7+#$./$<#++C$/0-"$./$%"#$.0%"*&/C$%"#$%(%+#$.)8$%"#$J*0&).+$*>$%"#$607+(-.%(*)$.)8$
%"#$ 8.%.$ *>$ 607+(-.%(*)2$ !"#$ '#%.I8.%.$ ()>*&'.%(*)$ (/$ &#/#)%#8$ >*++*<(),$ %"#$
407+()$K*&#$()(%(.%(1#2$$
1;($+<<($DDD4EKLL5
M7#7"+"+7;"?@
U7;82HSNV !""#$%%#1;,'/;.%3)%2,2-2("<%B'B%);27"/;
!7! .#$! 5'9$5+! ,4! .#$!
$3.&.&$+! ')$! '?'&5'95$! 4),*! .#$! .$@.8! ! "#$! &3.$()'.&,3! ,4! .#$! 6,36$2.! &%+! &+! ,3(,&3(!
-,)A! '3%! )$B7&)$+! &*2),?$*$3.+! ,3! .#$! #')*,3&+'.&,3! ,4! .#$! 6,36$2.! '33,.'.&,3! &3!
.#$!CDEFC!6,)27+8!
!
=3!'%%&.&,3!.#$!'33,.'.&,3+!')$!)$4$)$36$%!4),*!.#$!&3%&?&%7'5!+$3.$36$+!&3%&6'.&3(!
.#$! 2,+&.&,3! ,4! .#$! $3.&.&$+! G+$$! 4&(8! HI8! ! J3! .#$! K$3.$36$! E$?$5! 5'9$55$%! -&.#! &.+! +$*'3.&6! (),72! GKON3.'6.&6'5! +.)76.7)$+8!!
1,)!$@'*25$7;"?@
!7<>/<+"+/(
!""#$%% 7897:
&&&'()*+'(,-'(+!'./0%
#1*-23%B5FBK5D5
!
!"#$%'$!"#$!%&'()'*!+#,-+!.#$!'33,.'.&,3!,3!'!+$3.$36$!5$?$5!+&*&5')!.,!.#$!%,67*$3.!
5$?$5! +#,-3! &3! 4&(7)$! S8! T,-! .#$! '33,.'.&,3! &+! (&?$3! .,($.#$)! -&.#! .#$! +$3.$36$!
2,+&.&,3!4,)!'667)'.$!)$.)&$?'58!
!"#$$$%&'$()*+,-.$.,*/0'$1.-,'$
!"#$ %&'()*+$ ,-+-$ )#.*/)0#$ 1.##$ 2'34$ 56$ 7)*8',#.$ 9'&:.$ +*$ *+"#)$ ;'*<#,'0-9$ ,-+-$
)#.*/)0#.$ +"-+$ 3'8#$ -,,'+'*&-9$ '&2*)<-+'*&$ 2*)$ +"#$ -&&*+-+'*&$ *2$ +"#$ 7)*+#'&$ #&+)=4$
>*<#$ *2$ +"#$ )#.*/)0#.$ -)#$ '&+#3)-+#,$ '&+*$ ?'*@ABC4$ !"#$ DE$ -&&*+-+'*&.$ -&,$
'&+#)-0+'*&$'&2*)<-+'*&$'.$)#9#8-&+$2*)$*/)$+)'79#$.+*)#4$$
.+"/"+,*0 !+,-./0,'()&*
6784"2'94
6B#2A+24:;<= .(/00+1+2345+"!
:;<=
+0>/'"81 !""#$%%#&'()&*+#',"),'-% !/0<*"2'/A"+,* 6:*+>',"4:;<=
&*+#',"%)))
6?*029@(24
6:*+-2*24:;<= &*+-2*2 ?*029@(2
:;<=
672*2./'304
-2*2A/'30
6C7D.4:;<= !-*A :;<=
:*+>',"
!"#$%&'()&*
2*3"$4"$!"#$,'-3)-<$3'8#.$-&$*8#)8'#F$*&$+"#$%&'()*+$+)'79#$.+*)#$+"-+$'.$/.#,$2*)$+"#$
'&+#3)-+'*&$*2$+"#$ GHI?G$-&&*+-+#,$0*)7/.$'&+*$+"#$+)'79#$.WRUH6HYHUDO³VDPHJDV´
)#9-+'*&."'7.$ F'+"$ ,'22#)#&+$ 9-;#9.$ 9'&:$ +"#$ 0*&0#7+$ +*$ )#9-+#,$ ,-+-$ )#.*/)0#.$ ./0"$ -.$
K&.#<;9#L$D#&#G"-),.L$G"K?MLL$NDOG$-&,$%&'3#$$O*+$-99$<-77'&3.$#P'.+$2*)$-99$
)#.*/)0#.4$ $ H,,'+'*&-9$ 0*&+#&+$ 2)*<$ %&'()*+$ '.$ 7)*8','&3$ DE$ 09-..'2'0-+'*&.L$
'&+#)-0+'*&$'&2*)<-+'*&L$.7#0'#.$-&&*+-+'*&.$-&,$)#2#)#&0#.$+*$Q#,9'$
!"4$$$56',7*)3$.&'$.,*/0'$1.-,'$
!"#$I#PK?M$+#)<'&*9*3'0-9$)#.*/)0#$<-:#.$)#2#)#&0#$+*$RLRSTLU5V$09/.+#).$*)$/&'W/#$
0*&0#7+$ ',.L$ XLTYTLSS5$ +#)<.L$ -&,$ @LUU5LS5X$ /&'W/#$ +#)<.4$ $ !"#$ +#)<'&*9*3'0-9$
)#.*/)0#$0-&$.#)8#$+F*$,'22#)#&+$7/)7*.#.Z$1R6$<'&'&3$+"#$#&+'+'#.$2)*<$+"#$.0'#&+'2'0$
9'+#)-+/)#$-&,$1@6$'<7)*8'&3$+"#$'&2*)<-+'*&$)#+)'#8-9$2)*<$+"#$-&&*+-+#,$0*)7/.4$$
!"#$.0'#&+'2'0$9'+#)-+/)#$"-.$;##&$'&+#3)-+#,$'&+*$+"#$+)'79#$.+*)#$2)*<$+"#$GHI?G$
0*)7/.4$$!"#$0*)7/.$)#7)#.#&+.$-$0*&.#&./.$-&&*+-+'*&$2)*<$,'22#)#&+$3)*/7.$+"-+$"-8#$
,#9'8#)#,$-&&*+-+'*&.$+*$+"#$GHI?G$0"-99#&3#4$$!"'.$-77)*-0"$#&-;9#.$+"#$.#9#0+'*&$
*2$-&&*+-+'*&.$+"-+$-)#$."-)#,$;=$,'22#)#&+$-&&*+-+'*&.$.*9/+'*&.4$$
!"#$ >>GJMM$ 0*&+-'&.$ +"#$ 2*99*F'&3$ -&&*+-+'*&.Z$ GNKB$ @XTLYXRL$ (ADK$ YX5LSVSL$
BM>E$@Y5L5@YL$-&,$>(K$X[YL5[X4$$!"#$0*&+#&+$*2$+"#$>>GJMM$"-.$;##&$2/99=$'&+#3)-+#,$
'&+*$ +"#$ ABC$ !)'79#$ >+*)#$ 1YL5UTLUST$ +)'79#.64$ !"#$ %&'()*+\;$ +)'79#$ .+*)#$ "-.$ ;##&$
)#,/0#,$ +*$ +"#$ 0*&+#&+$ 2*)$ "/<-&$ 3#&#.$ -&,$ 7)*+#'&.$ 9#-,'&3$ +*$ -;*/+$ R@L55@L@XV$
+)'79#.$2*)$"/<-&4$$!"#$'&+#3)-+'*&$*2$+"#$0*&+#&+$2)*<$D#&#H+9-.$'.$*&3*'&3$F*):4$$
!"#$ %&'()*+,-$ +)'./#$ 0+*)#$ "10$ -##&$ 02-0#/#3+#4$ 5*)$ "261&$ 7#�$ *&/89$ 61:#'&7$
)#5#)#&3#$ +*$ ;<9;=;$ 2&'>2#$ "261&$ 7#&#$ #&+)'#0$ '&$ +*+1/?$ =9@AB$ 4'0+'&3+$ CD$ 3*&3#.+0$
1)#$ /'&:#4$ +*$ +"#$ 0#/#3+#4$ 7#�$ /#14'&7$ +*$ E<<9@AA$ 4'0+'&3+$ CD$ 3*&3#.+0$ /#14$ +*$
E<<9@AA$ CD$ 1&&*+1+'*&0?$ F&$ 144'+'*&9$ EG9BA=$ '&+#)13+'*&$ 1&&*+1+'*&0$ "1H#$ -##&$
#I+)13+#4$ 5)*6$ +"#$ +)'./#$ 0+*)#?$ $ !"#$ 7#&#)1+#4$ J))18KI.)#00$ +)'./#$ 0+*)#$ 3*&+1'&0$
)#5#)#&3#0$ +*$ EGB$ #I.#)'6#&+0?$ !"#0#$ #I.#)'6#&+0$ 3*H#)$ E@9EG@$ 4'0+'&3+$ *)$ 2&'>2#$
7#�?$$$
LMN$ !)'./#$ O+*)#$ #&1-/#0$ >2#)8'&7$ +"#$ 03'#&+'5'3$ /'+#)1+2)#$ 1&4$ -'*'&5*)61+'30$
)#0*2)3#0$ 1+$ +"#$ 016#$ +'6#$ 5*)$ #H'4#&3#$ 5*)$ 7#&#P4'0#10#$ /'&:0$ +"1+$ '&H*/H#$
'662&*/*7'31/$ .)*3#00#0?$ F&$ +*+1/$ +"#$ QJRSQ$ LMN$ !)'./#$ O+*)#$ 61:#0$ 20#$ *5$
E9;;T9;@@$1&&*+1+'*&0$'&$+"#$3*).20$5*)$#I.*0'&7$/'&:0$-#+U##&$+"#$#&+'+'#0$02..*)+#4$
-8$+"#$#H'4#&3#$'&$+"#$+#I+?$LMN$!)'./#$O+*)#$'0$'6./#6#&+#4$10$1$)#+)'#H1/$#&7'&#$+"1+$
1//*U0$>2#)8'&7$5*)$3*//*31+'*&0$*5$&16#4$#&+'+'#0$1&4$100*3'1+#4$)#/#H1&+$'&5*)61+'*&$
5)*6$+"#$-'*'&5*)61+'30$41+1$)#0*2)3#0$V%&'()*+,-9$J))18KI.)#009$0##$5'72)#$WX?$
$
!""#$%%HHH)2A+)/@)&I%
+0>/'"81
;2A!,(J%@,'2%@,'#&0F@/(A@
!""#$%%
HHH)*@A+)*(9)*+!)-,S% !/0M**,"/"+,*
#&A923%ǥ)))
6?#2@+24:;<=
!+,-./0,'()&*
M +0D*"+"BOB#2
.+"/"+,*0 !/0M**,"/"+,*
+0>/'"81 !""#$%%#&'()&*+#',"),'-% 6)7$ +0D*"+"BOB#2
&*+#',"%))) 6784"2'94 M
.(/00+1+2345+"! !/0W/A2( "3$5
:;<=
:*+>'," !/0W/A2( 89:; !/0W/A2(
.TUCTV
!"#$%&'()&* 0&'1/@2P,'9 "12314
0&'1/@2P,'9 89:; !/0W/A2(
!/0N/'+/*" M !""#$%%#&'(),A,(+A'/'B),'-% !/0N/'+/*" M
P'2Q&2*@B<*R23(+*2 14 ,A,%.CDE/'"81 +0OB#2 8'"!,-'/#!+@
&*+#',"%XYT55Z +0OB#2 8'"!,-'/#!+@
!""#$%%HHH)2A+)/@)&I%
;2A!,(J%@,'2%
+0>/'"81
@,'#&0F(2K2A+
L
!""#$%%#&'(),'-%,A,%,H(%
+0>/'"81
[.E2#)8'&7$+"#$+)'./#$0+*)#?$$N*)$#I16./#$+"#$'4#&+'5'#4$#&+'+8$
'&$ +"#$ 4*326#&+$ 31&$ -#$ 4'016-'721+#4$ +*$ 1$ 0.#3'5'3$ +8.#$ -10#4$ *&$ +"#$ 5)#>2#&38$
'&5*)61+'*&$ 3*&+1'$ '&$ +"#$ /#I'31/$ )#0*2)3#?$ !"#$ 5*//*U'&7$ >2#)8$ 7'H#0$ 1&*+"#)$
#I16./#$ *5$ 1$ >2#)8$ +"1+$ 20#0$ +"#$ '&5*)61+'*&$ 3*&+1'$ '&$ +"#$ /#I'3*&$ +*$ 0*)+$ +"#$
)#+)'#H#4$4*326#&+0$133*)4'&7$+*$+"#$+#)6$5)#>2#&38$'&$+"#$/#I'31/$)#0*2)3#?$
$
!)'./#$O+*)#$>2#)8Z$
!"#$%&'()*)+,-'./001-223334)+,4564782")+/9(:269;)2()*)+,<=''
'
!"#$%&'*>?-'./001-2233343@49;A2BCCD2&EFG6/)H5<='' '
!"#$%&'93(-'./001-2233343@49;A2BCCB2CI293(<='' '
!"#$%&';?J-'./001-2233343@49;A2DKKK2CB2BBL;?JL>MN05*LN><='''
!"#$%&')+,-'./001-223334)+,4564782")+/9(:269;)2='' '
!"#$%&'9+9-'./001-2217;(49+9(,+;5;M49;A29+92='' '
!"#$%&')*15>M-'./001-223334)*15>M49;A2)N:MH)2='' '
!"#$%&'()*+,'-.((/,00/1234+250+6+0+73089:%;)*+<=>'' '
!"#$%&'?<(@2/2+,'-.((/,007774@6?4)A41B0?<(@2/2+0>'' '
!"#$%&'1C3D,'-.((/,00123E1C3D=>'' '
!"#$%&'1'''
!"#$%&'/16C@F,'-.((/,007774'' '
!"#$%&'FA,'-.((/,00/1234+250FA0@3@C@<(D0H4H0>'' '
!"#$%&'A)36A,'-.((/,007774@6?4)A41B0"@6.+3I0A+2@0A)36A=>'' '
' '
J#K#9;'L'MN#"#'O'' '
''P/C?F'A)36A,.)DQ<<+()(?+<'RA)36A,.)DK)6@3'SJ(2?<5E(+ET1@2USV'4'' '
''P3@*@6?E@<(?(U' 3@*@6?,.)DW)2?)<(' R3@*@6?,D12X)A@$+2C'
SJ(2?<5E(+ET1@2USY'3@*@6?,X2@T1@%&# 1*&# 0'# ?&8@A!# +*# $&)7("0/0<(,+/# )&*01),&# .)02(4&*# +44($(0"+/# 3&"&'($*# *1,%# +*#
)&$)(&2+/# 0'# &2(4&",&-# 9%&)&# $%&# .)&'&))&4# $&)7# '0)# +# "+7&4# &"$($;# %+*# 3&&"# 1*&4# 0)#
9%&)&#$%&# 70*$#0)#/&+*$#')&B1&"$#$&)7#2+)(+"$#'0)#+"#&"$($;#(*#7&"$(0"&46#C0$#+//#$%&#
4+$+# ,0"$+("&4# ("# ?&8@A!# %+*# 3&&"# &8./0($&46# # >%&# ,)0**5)&'&)&",&*# 3&$9&&"# $%&#
4(''&)&"$# *&7+"$(,# $;.&*# )&+,%# +# ,07./&8($;# 9%(,%# ,+""0$# 3&# '1//;# 7&$# ("# $%&# $)(./&#
*$0)&6#D"#$%�$%&)#*(4&-#*07�'#$%&#)&/+$(0"*#*1,%#+*#3&$9&&"#E"(F)0$G3#+"4#H%@A!#
+)&# +/)&+4;#,02&)&4#3;#$%&# 0$%&)#.)(7+);# $)(./&#*$0)&#,0"$&"$6# #I04&//("<# ?&8@A!#("#
DJ?KLM:#(*#+"#0.$(0"#$0#3&$$&)#*1..0)$#("'&)&",&#+"4#'1//#("$&<)+$(0"#("$0#*&7+"$(,#
9&3#*0/1$(0"*6#
>%&# HN?AH# +"4# ?&8@A!# $)(./&# *$0)&*# %+2&# 3&&"# (7./&7&"$&4# ("# O&"+# >MA#
'0//09("<#$%&#)&*1/$*#')07#+#)&,&"$#3&",%7+)P#'0)#.&)'0)7+",#O&"+#>MA#*1..0)$*#
+1$07+$&4# 0"$0/0<;# )&+*0"("<# QL+,&)-# F&//&$R# $%+$# ,01/4# 3&# &8./0($&4# +,)0**# $%&#
E"(.)0$#0)#H%@A!#0"$0/0<;6##
*"""+()&,'%$()"
D1)# $)(./&# *$0)&# (7./&7&"$+$(0"# 3)("<*# $0<&$%&)# +# /+)<&5*,+/&# +""0$+$&4# ,0).1*-# +#
/&8(,+/# )&*01),&# +"4# .13/(,# 3(07&4(,+/# 4+$+# )&*01),&*6# # !$# (*# $%&# '()*$# *0/1$(0"# $0#
)&$)(&2&# ,0"$&"$# +,)0**# +//# ,0"$+("&4# 4+$+# (",/14("<# $%&# *,(&"$('(,# /($&)+$1)&6# # >%&#
,%0*&"# +..)0+,%# &"+3/&*# 3+*(,# (4&"$('(,+$(0"# 0'# &"$($;# )&/+$(0"*# +"4# '0)7*# $%&# 70*$#
,0770"# *0/1$(0"# '0)# $%&# &8$)+,$(0"# 0'# +**&)$(0"*# +"4# ,+"# 3&# (7.)02&4# $0# (4&"$(';#
70)&# *.&,('(,# &2&"$*6# # D2&)+//# $%&# *0/1$(0"# '0)7*# +"# 0.&"# ("')+*$)1,$1)&# '0)# $%&#
2+/(4+$(0"# 0'# 3(07&4(,+/# 4+$+# )&*01),&*# +<+("*$# $%&# /($&)+$1)&-# $%&# 2+/(4+$(0"# 0'#
!"#$%&#'#"( )*+,&)$!$!( -%.( &)$( #.$%&#'#"-&#,%( ,'( )#..$%( /%,01$.2$3( ( 4$-!,%#%2( -"5,!!(
-11(.-&-(5$!,65"$!(0,61.(7$(&)$(%$8&(1-52$9!"-1$(#:+5,;$:$%&(!&$+3(
(
!"#$%&'()*+($,-.(<)#!(0,5/(0-!('6%.$.('5,:(&)$(=>(?6++,5&(@"&#,%(25-%&(ABCDAD(
6%.$5( &)$( D&)( =>( E5-:$0,5/( F5,JUDPPH ZLWKLQ 7KHPH ³,QWHOOLJHQ&( G,%&$%&( -%.(
6HPDQWLFV´ ,&7 3( <)$( #%&$25-&#,%( ,'( &)$( >%#F5,&( <5#+1$( ?&,5$( -%.( &)$(
@55-*=8+5$!!(.-&-(0-!('6%.$.(7*(&)$(F#!&,#-(@11#-%"$(-!(+-5&(,'(&)$(?=?H(+5,I$"&3(
/00012(03(4(5($"(-06(",7%$0
C3( 4$7),1J9?")6):-%%KL3K(M#5!")K(N3K(G,6&,K(E3(OAPPQR(E-"&!('5,:(&$8&99#!(&$8&(:#%#%2(5$-.*(
&,(.$1#;$5S(FH,?(T#,1(BOARU$VQ3(
A3( 4,,!KW3K( W-5!)-11KW?3K( X#7!,%K@F3K( ?")6$:#$KW3K( W$#IK=3K( M-&5$%/,K?3K( ;-%( N-2$KY43K(
M5,::*.-!KM3K(@.5#--%!KFY3((OAPCPR(?&56"&65#%2(-%.($8&5-"&#%2(/%,01$.2$(',5(&)$(!6++,5&(
,'()*+,&)$!#!(2$%$5-&#,%(#%(:,1$"61-5(7#,1,2*3(TWG(T#,#%',5:-&#"!3(APPZ(["&(C\CP(?6++1(
CPU?Z3(
B3( M#:K]3]3K( 4$7),1J9?")6):-%%K( L33( ^:+5,;#%2( &)$( $8&5-"&#,%( ,'( ",:+1$8( 5$261-&,5*( $;$%&!(
'5,:( !"#$%&#'#"( &$8&( 7*( 6!#%2( ,%&,1,2*97-!$.( #%'$5$%"$3( F5,"3( ?WTW( APCPK( N#%8&,%K(
G-:75#.2$K(AQ9AV(["&(APCP3(
_3( G)$6%2KMN3K( ?-:0-1.KW3K( @6$57-")K43M3K( X$5!&$#%KW3T3( OAPCPR( ?&56"&65$.( .#2#&-1( &-71$!(
,%( &)$( ?$:-%&#"( Y$7U( &,0-5.( -( !&56"&65$.( .#2#&-1( 1#&$5-&65$3( W,1( ?*!&( T#,13( APCP( @62(
A_\VU_PB3(
Q3( ?-:0-1.KW3K( ?&$%J),5%KN3( OAPCPR( =!&-71#!)#%2( -( .#!&5#76&$.( !*!&$:( ',5( &)$( !#:+1$(
5$+5$!$%&-&#,%(-%.(#%&$25-&#,%(,'(.#;$5!$(!"#$%&#'#"(-!!$5&#,%!3(](T#,:$.(?$:-%&#"!3(APCP(]6%(
AA\C(?6++1(CU?Q3(
V3( G56J9<,1$.,K]3K( L6:,%&#$5KW3K( F-5#!#$%KW3K( W-I,5KE3( OAPCPR( 4MTU( -( ?$:-%&#"( Y$7(
/%,01$.2$(7-!$(',5(4`@3(](T#,:$.(?$:-%&#"!3(APCP(]6%(AA\C(?6++1(CU?A3(
D3( ?-:0-1.KW3K( G)$%KN3K( 46&&$%7$52K@3K( H#:K=3K( W-5$%",KH3K( W#11$5KF3K( ?)$+)$5.KX3K(
G)$6%2KMN3(OAPCPR(?$:-%&#"(?$%!$H-7U(^:+1$:$%&#%2(&)$(;#!#,%(,'(&)$(?$:-%&#"( Y$7(#%(
%$65,!"#$%"$3(@5&#'(^%&$11(W$.3(APCP(]-%\_aOCRUAC9a3(=+67(APPZ(L$"(CV3(
a3( W"G6!/$5K]3F3K(F)#11#+!K]3@3K( X,%Jb1$J( T$1&5b%K@3K( E#%/$1!&$#%K@3K( M5-6&)-::$5KW3( OAPPZR(
?$:-%&#"( 0$7( .-&-( 0-5$),6!#%2( ',5( "-X5#.3( TWG( T#,#%',5:-&#"!3( APPZ( ["&( C\CP( ?6++1(
CPU?A3(
Z3( N,$)%.,5'K43K( [$115#")K@3K( L6:,%&#$5KW3K( M$1!,K]3K( 4$7),1J9?")6):-%%KL3K( N$55$KN3(
OAPCPR( 4$1-&#,%!( -!( +-&&$5%!U( 75#.2#%2( &)$( 2-+( 7$&0$$%( [T[( -%.( [YH3( TWG(
T#,#%',5:-&#"!3(APCP(@62(BC\CCU__C3(
CP3(G)$6%2KM3N3K( E5,!&KN343K( W-5!)-11KW3?3K( F56.c),::$-68K=3K( ?-:0-1.KW3K( d)-,K]3K(
F-!")/$K@3(OAPPZR(@(I,65%$*(&,(?$:-%&#"(Y$7(e6$5*('$.$5-&#,%(#%(&)$(1#'$(!"#$%"$!3(TWG(
T#,#%',5:-&#"!3(APPZ(["&(C\CP(?6++1(CPU?CP3(
CC3(4$7),1J9?")6):-%%KL3K( M#5!")KN3K( `$%-.#"KX3( OAPPVR( ^$fWHU( &,0-5.!( -( '5-:$0,5/( ',5(
#%&$5,+$5-7#1#&*( ,'( &$8&( +5,"$!!#%2( :,.61$!( &,( #:+5,;$( -%%,&-&#,%( ,'( !$:-%&#"( &*+$!( #%(
7#,:$.#"-1(&$8&3(F5,"3(,'(T#,H^`MK(^?WT(APPVK(E,5&-1$J-K(T5-J#13((
CA3(M-%,Kg3K(T-6:2-5&%$5KY3@3K(W"G5,),%KH3K(@%-%#-.,6K?3K(G,)$%KM3T3K(N6%&$5KH3K(9G,:+-5$U(!)-5$(-%.(",:+-5$(&$8&(:#%#%2(&,,1!(0#&)(>^W@3(T#,#%',5:-&#"!3(APPZ(
@62(C\AQOCQRUCZZD9a3(
CB3(N#5!"):-%K( H3K( g$)K( @3K( T1-!")/$K( G3K( h-1$%"#-K( @3( OAPPQR( [;$5;#$0( ,'( T#,G5$@&^;=U(
G5#&#"-1(-!!$!!:$%&(,'(#%',5:-&#,%($8&5-"&#,%(',5(7#,1,2*3(TWG(T#,#%',5:-&#"!K(V(O?6++1(CRK(
?C3(
!"#$%&'(()*+,&-$ .#-$ ./&+'*-$ 0#-$ 12)34-$ 5#-$ 5,)3*,&-$ 6#-$ 7'*'8,-$ 5#-$ 9)(8:&-$ ;#-$ <)&=>42'*-$ 5#-$
?'(,*>)'-$0#$@ABBCD$EF'(:'3)/*$/G$3,H32)*)*+$=I=3,2=$G/&$8)/(/+IJ$KF,&F),L$/G$34,$1,>/*M$
N)/O&,03PFE$O/22:*)3I$O4'((,*+,#$Q,*/2,$N)/(/+I-$R$@1:SS($AD-$1!#$
!T#$%)2-$;#U#-$K43'-$7#-$7=:&:/V'-$W#-$7'3,)=4)-$W#-$O/((),&-$X#$@ABB"D$P*3&/M:>3)/*$3/$34,$8)/Y
,*3)3I$ &,>/+*)3)/*$ 3'=V$ '3$ ;X5ZN0#$ P*$ Z&/>,,M)*+=$ /G$ 34,$ ;X5ZN0YB"-$ [B±[T-$ Q,*,F'-$
1L)3\,&('*M#$
!]#$%)2-$;#U#-$K43'-$7#-$ZII='(/-$1#-$%'*/-$W#-$7=:^))-$;#$@ABBRD$$2YHUYLHZRI%LR1/3¶ 6KDUHG
7'=V$/*$EF,*3$EH3&'>3)/*#$P*$Z&/>,,M)*+=$/G$34,$9/&V=4/S$/*$N)/X5ZJ$14'&,M$7'=V-$!YR-$
O/(/&'M/-$_10#$$
![#$///¶FKDOOHQJH KWWS ZZZFV\RUNDFXNDLJOOOOOO$
!C#$;)2,*/YW,S,=-0#-$ ;)2`*,\Ya:)\-E#-$ N,&('*+'Y5('F/&)-a#-$ a,84/(\Y1>4:42'**-U#$ @ABBRD$
a,:=,$ /G$ 3,&2)*/(/+)>'($ &,=/:&>,=$ G/&$ ,GG)>),*3$ /*3/(/+)>'($ ,*+)*,,&)*+$ )*$ 5)G,$ 1>),*>,=#$
N.O$N)/)*G/&2'3)>=#$ABBR$K>3$!b!B$1:SS($!BJ1"#$
!R#$74/2S=/*-Z#-$./*3,2'+*)-1#-$.>X':+43-;#-$O'(\/('&)-X#-$M,($Q&'33'-a#-$5,,-?#-$.'&>4)-1#-$
./*'>4)*)-.#-$ Z,\)V-Z#-$ c:/>4)-?#-$ a,84/(\Y1>4:42'**-U#$ a:SS-O#;#-1'='V)-W#-$
?,*3:&)-Q#-$ 0*'*)'M/:-1#$ 74,$ N)/5,H)>/*J$ '$ ('&+,Y=>'(,$ 3,&2)*/(/+)>'($ &,=/:&>,$ G/&$
8)/2,M)>'($3,H3$2)*)*+$@_*M,&$&,F),LD$
AB#$Z,\)V-Z#$ ;)2,*/-0#-$ 5,,-?#-$ a,84/(\Y1>4:42'**-U#$ @ABBCD$ 13'3)>$ U)>3)/*'&I$ 6,'3:&,=$ G/&$
7,&2$ Z/(I=,2I$ PM,*3)G)>'3)/*#$ Z&/>$ 5'*+$ a,=$ EF'(-$ O/*G$ @5aEOYABBCD-$ L/&V=4/S$ /*$
dN:)(M)*+$'*M$,F'(:'3)*+$&,=/:&>,=$G/&$8)/2,M)>'($3,H3$2)*)*+d-$.'&&'V,>4$@./&/>>/D-$ACY
eB$.'I$ABBC$
A!#$a,84/(\Y1>4:42'**-U#-$ ;)2,*/$ W,S,=-$ 0#;#-$ F'*$ .:(()+,*-$ E#.#-$ %'*+-$ X#-$ %/&=-$ ;#-$
.)(L'&M-$U#-$O/&8,33-$Z#-$N:IV/-$E#-$7/2'*,V-$%#-$N,)==L'*+,&-$E#-$<'4*-$_##$@AB!B8D$74,$
O05NO$ 1)(F,&$ 13'*M'&M$ O/&S:=$G/&$ N)/2,M)>'($ X'2,M$ E*3)3),=J$0$ 13:MI$ )*$ <'&2/*)\)*+$
34,$O/*3&)8:3)/*=$G&/2$6/:&$P*M,S,*M,*3$X'2,M$E*3)3I$7'++,&=#$Z&/>#$5aEO$AB!B-$E5a0-$
?'((,33'-$.'(3'#$
AA#$74,$ _*)F,&='($ Z&/3,)*$ a,=/:&>,$ @_*)Z&/3D$ ABBR#$ X:>(,)>$ 0>)M=$ a,=$ ABBR-$ e[@U'3'8'=,$
)==:,DJU!]RY!["#$
Ae#$a,84/(\Y1>4:42'**-U#-$;)2,*/$W,S,=-$0#-$?'*$.:(()+,*-$E#-$%'*+-$X#-$%/&=-$;#-$.)(L'&M-$
U#-$ O/&8,33-$ Z#-$ N:IV/-$ E#-$ N,)==L'*+,&-$ E#-$ <'4*-$ _##$ @AB!B'D$ dO05NO$ 1)(F,&$ 13'*M'&M$
O/&S:=#d$;$N)/)*G/&2$O/2S:3$N)/(#$AB!B$6,8bC@!DJ!]eY[R#$
A"#$5):-<#-$ <:-f#f#-$ f4'*+-;#-$ 9:-O#$ @ABB]D$ N)/74,=':&:=J$ '$ L,8Y8'=,M$ 34,=':&:=$ /G$ S&/3,)*$
'*M$+,*,$*'2,=#$N)/)*G/&2'3)>=#$AA@!DJ!BeYT#$
AT#$N/M,*&,)M,&$ KJ$ 74,$ _*)G),M$ .,M)>'($ 5'*+:'+,$ 1I=3,2$ @_.51DJ$ )*3,+&'3)*+$ 8)/2,M)>'($
3,&2)*/(/+I#$X:>(,)>$0>)M=$a,=$ABB"-$eA@U'3'8'=,$)==:,DJUA][YA[B$
A]#$.'+(/33$ U-$ K=3,(($ ;-$ Z&:)33$ %U-$ 7'3:=/F'$ 7J$ E*3&,\$ Q,*,J$ +,*,Y>,*3,&,M$ )*G/&2'3)/*$ '3$
XONP#$X:>(,)>$0>)M=$a,=$ABB[-$eT@U'3'8'=,$)==:,DJUA]Ye!#$
A[#$M,$.'3/=-Z#-$0(>g*3'&'-a#-$U,VV,&-0#-$E**)=-.#-$<'=3)*+=-;#-$<':+-%#-$1S)3,&)-P#-$7:&*,&-1#-$
13,)*8,>V-O#$@ABBRD$O4,2)>'($E*3)3),=$/G$N)/(/+)>'($P*3,&,=3J$'*$:SM'3,#$X:>(,)>$0>)M=$a,=#$
eC$@U'3'8'=,$)==:,DJUA"RYT"#$
AR#$Z&/>,,M)*+=$ /G$ 34,$ 6)&=3$ O05NO$ 9/&V=4/S$ @433SJhhLLL#,8)#'>#:Vha,84/(\Y
=&FhO05NOhM/>=h6)&=3Z&/>,,M)*+=#SMGD$
eB#$N/M,*&,)M,&-$K#-$.>O&'I-$0#-$EHS(/&)*+$=,2'*3)>$+&/:S=$34&/:+4$F)=:'($'SS&/'>4,=-$;/:&*'($
/G$N)/2,M)>'($P*G/&2'3)>=$e]@]DJ"!"±"eA$@ABBeD$
e!#$a,84/(\Y1>4:42'**-U#-$;)2,*/YW,S,=-$0#-$5)-$O#-$%'GV'=-$1#-$5,L)*-$P#-$%'*+#-$X#-$O/&8,33-$
Z#-$ .)(L'&M-$ U#-$ N:IV/-$ E#-$ N,)==L'*+,&-$ E#-$ 4V'-$ .#-$ X,F,=-$ .#5#-$ Z'=>:'(Y./*3'*/-$ 0#-$ 9,)-$ c#-$ O/((),&-$ X#-$
O4/LM4:&I-$ 6#.#-$ 5'F,(()#-$ 0#-$ N,&('*+'-$ a#-$ ./&'*3,#-$ a#-$ F'*$0=>4-$ ?#-$ U',(,2'*=-$ 9#-$
.'&)*'-$ ;#5#-$ F'*$ .:(()+,*-$ E#-$ %/&=-$ ;#-$ <'4*-$ _##$ @AB!BD$ d0==,==2,*3$ /G$ XEa$ =/(:3)/*=$
'+')*=3$ 34,$ G)&=3$ '*M$ =,>/*M$ O05NO$ 1)(F,&$ 13'*M'&M$ O/&S:=#d$ Z&/>#$ /G$ 1.N.$ AB!B-$
O'28&)M+,-$_#%$
!"#$%&'()*+,-.(/(012234#3$ 560&2),7&8&93:#3$ :;;&6;9.(3?#$ @"ABAC$ =&19/;62<$
8;&D6.E6)2$ .181.6EF$ )G$ 62D6H6D/1*$ H&;'9$ G);$ E(&$ 6D&2E6G6.1E6)2$ )G$ 8;)E&62$ 62E&;1.E6)29#$ 5$
I6)0&D$J2G);0#$"ABA$:8;KL!@"CM"AA,N#$
!!#$%&'()*+,-.(/(01223$ 4#3$ :;;&6;9.(3?#3$ 560&2)3:#$ P&QE$ R;).&9962<$
E(;)/<($S&'$-&;H6.&9M$T1**62<$S(1E6+6E#$I6)62G);01E6.9$"L3$2)#$"$@"AAUCM$"VW,VU#$