=Paper=
{{Paper
|id=Vol-71/paper-9
|storemode=property
|title=Human Centred Ontology Management with HCONE
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-71/Kotis.pdf
|volume=Vol-71
}}
==Human Centred Ontology Management with HCONE==
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