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        <article-title>Continuous Wave LII in an Atmospheric Pressure Kerosene Flame</article-title>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <string-name>John D. Black</string-name>
          <email>John.black-2@manchester.ac.uk</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff0">0</xref>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <string-name>Paul Wright</string-name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff0">0</xref>
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        <aff id="aff0">
          <label>0</label>
          <institution>School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Manchester</institution>
          ,
          <country country="UK">UK</country>
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      <abstract>
        <p>Fibre and diode lasers with sufficient power to heat soot particles to incandescent temperatures are readily available at lower cost than the nanosecond pulsed lasers traditionally used in LII. There are less stringent safety restrictions on the use of CW lasers and they can be delivered with excellent beam quality through standard optical fibres, making them more suitable for LII in practical environments. Using the collimated beam from a diode laser at 803 nm in the power range 5 - 30 W, LII was easily observable in a highly sooting kerosene flame (Fv ~10-5). However, the laser causes major changes in the combustion, increasing soot burn out rates and transferring heat to other regions of the flame.</p>
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