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        <journal-title>C. M. Sorensen, Aerosol Sci. Technol.</journal-title>
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    <article-meta>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Recent applications of the WALS-technique</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <string-name>Hergen Oltmann</string-name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff0">0</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <string-name>Stefan Will</string-name>
          <email>stefan.will@ltt.uni-erlangen.de</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff0">0</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff0">
          <label>0</label>
          <institution>Fig.</institution>
          <addr-line>1: Experimental setup</addr-line>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution>Lehrstuhl für Technische Thermodynamik, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg</institution>
          ,
          <country country="DE">Germany</country>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution>Technische Thermodynamik, Universität Bremen</institution>
          ,
          <country country="DE">Germany</country>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <pub-date>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>687</volume>
      <issue>2001</issue>
      <abstract>
        <p>Nanoparticles produced in combustion processes often exhibit complex fractal structures. While laser-induced incandescence (LII) is a proven technique for the determination of primary particle size no information about aggregate sizes can be obtained. To gather information about aggregate size and fractal dimension elastic light scattering (ELS) [1] is an often used in situ method. The wide-angle light scattering (WALS) approach [2] extends classical ELS-concepts by using a combination of an ellipsoidal mirror and an intensified CCD-camera. The ellipsoidal mirror redirects the light scattered within a plane onto the CCD-chip (cf. Fig. 1), which makes it possible to almost instantaneously record a complete scattering diagram over an angular range of approx. 10° to 170° with an angular resolution Δθ of typically 0.6°. The basic performance of the approach was demonstrated previously by measurements on soot particles in laminar premixed flames [2]. This contribution highlights various recent developments and applications of the technique. These include measurements in a turbulent diffusion flame [3], employing a pulsed laser and underlining the favourable applicability to unsteady processes. Also measurements with a particular high resolution of Δθ = 0.3° were performed which allow for a detailed investigation of selected angular regions. To simultaneously measure the vv- and hh-scattering components polarization foils were mounted in front of the ellipsoidal mirror. Radii of gyration obtained for soot particles in a premixed ethene flame show good agreement with former results. Furthermore investigations on silica particles produced in a diffusion flame were carried through (cf. Fig. 2) for various relative velocities between the precursor flow (nitrogen flow saturated with hexamethydisiloxane) and the methane/oxygen flow of the supporting flame. Recorded scattering diagrams indicate a change in the structure of the silica particles for the different velocities.</p>
      </abstract>
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