=Paper=
{{Paper
|id=None
|storemode=property
|title=An Ontology-Based Approach to Text-to-Picture Synthesis Systems
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-871/paper_11.pdf
|volume=Vol-871
}}
==An Ontology-Based Approach to Text-to-Picture Synthesis Systems
==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-871/paper_11.pdf
An OntologyBased Approach to TexttoPicture
Synthesis Systems
Dmitry Ustalov, Aleksandr Kudryavtsev
Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg, Russia
dmitry@eveel.ru, vt@dpt.ustu.ru
Abstract. In this paper, we present an ontologybased approach to
texttopicture synthesis. Our approach operates with an ontology in the
RDF/XML format. This provides loose coupling of the system compo-
nents, uni cation of the interacting objects representation and their be-
haviour, and makes possible veri cation of system information resources.
Keywords: texttopicture, texttoscene, natural language process-
ing, depiction rules, semantic representation, Web Ontology Language,
Resource Description Framework.
1 Introduction
A picture is worth of a thousand words. The texttopicture synthesis problem is
actual because of existence of many domains where clearness of textual informa-
tion is necessary: foreign language learning [12], tra c accident visualization [1],
rehabilitation of people with cerebral injuries [4], etc.
Utkus [10] is a texttopicture synthesis system (TTP system) that is de-
veloped since 2011 and is designed to work with small texts of 13 Russian
sentences: fragments from children literature, microblog posts, news summaries,
comments on Websites. These texts are suitable for automatic processing and
further visualization [13]. The current work diers from previous TTP systems
in its focus on conveying the gist of general, semantically unrestricted Russian
language text.
TTP systems have three stages of processing [2]:
1. A stage of linguistic analysis tokenization, morphological and syntactic
parsing, obtaining the semantic representation of the input text;
2. A stage of depictors generation generation of the set of graphical depictors
that corresponds with obtained semantic representation;
3. A stage of picture synthesis construction of vector or raster image from the
graphical primitives that are positioned following the generated depictors.
In TTP systems, every processing stage strongly depends on many informa-
tion resources, including:
Thesaurus that containts words and their relations (synonymy, hyponymy,
etc);
An OntologyBased Approach to TexttoPicture Synthesis Systems 95
Gallery that contains dierent graphical primitives for interacted objects
(actors), which becomes rendered in the nal images;
Depiction rules that de ne how one or many actors can be depicted into the
nal images;
Frames, which describe allowed properties of actors.
The volume and complexity of these resources are high. Therefore, TTP sys-
tems must have a straight way to connect such resources during the text pro-
cessing.
2 Related works
There are several fullfunctional analogues that are described in various pa-
pers [1, 2, 4, 5, 11, 13]. Unfortunately, an approach to uni cation the information
resources is presented only in [2]. That paper presented the WordsEye system,
which builds 3D scenes by with certain descriptive English sentences, e.g., The
huge head is on the tan horse. The horse is on the extremely tall mountain range.
The fence is 10 feet behind the horse. The fence is 50 feet long.
The following desicions are made in the WordsEye system:
1. WordNet thesaurus is used to identify the semantic relations between sepa-
rate words;
2. During the text processing, specially de ned frames are mapped into the
found syntactic groups to obtain additional information about actors: colour,
size, etc;
3. Behaviour that is implemented in known actions (verbs), and is described in
depiction rules, which are de ned in a declarationstyle Lisp program;
4. A proprietary Izware Mirai 3D animation system is used with Viewpoint
Model Library to perform visualization problem.
Note two signi cant drawbacks of these decisions:
1. Despite of rich possibilities of the Lisp programming language, usage of this
language complicates the replenishment of depiction rules set because of high
requirements of developers experience;
2. Work in 3D demands considerable eorts and resources, which are not justi-
ed by nal quality: in most cases, it is enough to deal with 2D images [12].
3 Suggested approach
Similarly to [2], we consider actors in terms of object paradigm:
1. Actors have properties: colour, etc;
2. Actors have methods: functions that re ect actors relations: to fall, to lay,
etc.
96 D.Ustalov et al.
Fig. 1. Connection of ontology, thesaurus, and gallery
Fig. 2. Connection of ontology, thesaurus, and depiction rules
We propose to formalize into an ontology all the knowledge about actors:
their possible characteristics and relations. We also propose to split the ontol-
ogy, thesaurus, depiction rules and gallery to provide loose coupling of these
components of the TTP system (Fig. 1, 2):
Words and their semantic relations are represented in a thesaurus;
An OntologyBased Approach to TexttoPicture Synthesis Systems 97
Several gures from gallery can be associated with each word in thesaurus:
despite words tomcat and cat are antonymes by gender, they both are hy-
ponymes to word animal ;
Ontology has the class Actor, and instances of this class are linked to synsets
in thesaurus. Therefore, for every set of synsets an Actor instance can be
de ned by correspondent properties;
There are de ned object properties for Actor instances. These object proper-
ties are associated with verb synsets in thesaurus and represent all possible
relations among actors (i.e., fall(actor) and fallTo(actor1 actor2));
Also, there data properties are de ned and represent dierent parameters of
actors (e.g., colour);
Depiction rules that specify the behaviour of each object property (Fig. 2)
are de ned in a separate XML document.
Elements of ontology are linked to thesaurus synsets using the OWL annota-
tion mechanism. It is important to note that one element can be linked to many
synsets. These synsets can belong to thesauri of dierent language because of
internationalization method that is implemented in OWL.
3.1 Examples
The Actor class is a direct subclass of the Thing class:
Instances of the Actor class (Fig. 3) can be linked to synsets using OWL
annotations:
2039
2040
238
6939
75
Object properties are also de ned for the Actor class, and they represent all
the predicates that are operated by the system. Object properties are connected
with depiction rules that specify their behaviour.
Equivalence relation is possible between object properties. In our approach,
the SPOtriples1 (fall man) and (fall man chair) will be attributed to dif-
ferent object properties : fall and fallTo.
1
SPO a tuple of predicate, subject, and object.
98 D.Ustalov et al.
Fig. 3. Ontology fragment with Actor instances
106
397
406
106
397
406
To represent detected object properties on the nal picture, it is necessary
to assign the speci c behaviour to each known object property. This behaviour
is speci ed by depiction rules which are declared in a separate XML document.
For the fallTo object property we have the following depiction rule :
An OntologyBased Approach to TexttoPicture Synthesis Systems 99
In this example, the subject and object of the predicate would be put together,
and the subject will be diverted onto object.
4 Implementation
The Utkus prototype under discussions was written on the Ruby programming
language:
1. Link Grammar for Russian syntactic parser [6] is used because of its avali-
bility and easy parseable format;
2. Only verb phrases and related noun phrases are extracted from the depen-
dency tree of each sentence of the source text. These syntactic groups are
mapped into the SPOtriplets;
3. Ontology is de ned in the RDF/XML format using the Protege editor;
4. There are only synsets in our Russian dictionary [9]: no hyponyms, etc;
5. Gallery is composed by sprites from The Noun Project [7] collection. These
sprites are cropped, rasterized, and associated with noun synsets;
6. Final rendering is performed using GD2 library in form of PNG raster images
of 640 × 480.
As example, there are four images that been generated by Utkus system. With
a view of place economy, these images been cropped. These images (Fig. 4(a),
4(b), 4(c), 4(d)) are correspond to texts:
1. A man has fallen into the re2 ;
2. Several houses3 ;
3. There are a man and a woman in the house4 ;
4. A certi cate, a bear, a rain5 .
It should be noted that Utkus system is unable to represent plural words
(Fig. 4(b)) at this moment.
5 Conclusion
We have presented the approach to organize the TTP system information re-
sources. This approach provides loose coupling of ontology, thesaurus, gallery
and depiction rules.
Main advantages of this approach are:
2
×åëîâåê óïàë â îãîíü, in Russian.
3
Íåñêîëüêî äîìîâ, in Russian.
4
 äîìå íàõîäèëèñü ìóæ÷èíà è æåíùèíà, in Russian.
5
Àòòåñòàò, ìåäâåäü, äîæäü, in Russian.
100 D.Ustalov et al.
(a) A man has fallen into the (b) Several houses
re
(c) A certi cate, a bear, a rain (d) There are a man and a
woman in the house
Fig. 4. Depiction of the texts
1. Simplicity of development and modi cation all the information resources
that are used by TTP system:
Ontology can be modi ed with any available ontology editor (e.g., Pro-
tege);
Depiction rules can be edited with any text editor, or any XML editor;
Thesaurus and gallery data can be modi ed as any data in relational
database (in our implementation, PostgreSQL is used).
2. RDF/XML ontology allows one to reuse these resources in other applications
and domains;
3. Veri cation instruments (such as inference systems) can help us to control
the quality of information resources.
Figures 4(a), 4(b), 4(c) are produced during testing our Utkus TTP system
under development. The Utkus TTP system is based on this approach.
An OntologyBased Approach to TexttoPicture Synthesis Systems 101
5.1 Future Work
We have several reasons for future work:
1. To switch to the fullfeatured thesaurus to unify the thesauri resources (e.g.,
Russian WordNet [8]);
2. To enhance the linguistic analysis subsystem to handle such parts of speech
as adjectives, pronouns, numerals, etc;
3. To solve the problem of predicate ambiguation [3] when generating the se-
mantic representation;
4. To perform experiments on the Utkus prototype and make changes in the
system components, if necessary.
Acknowledgements. Authors would like to thank the Institute of Mathematics
and Mechanics UrB RAS for the provided computer equipment.
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