=Paper=
{{Paper
|id=None
|storemode=property
|title=Mining for Opinions Across Domains: A Cross-Language Study
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-917/SDAD2012_7_Kravchenko.pdf
|volume=Vol-917
|dblpUrl=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/pkdd/Kravchenko12
}}
==Mining for Opinions Across Domains: A Cross-Language Study==
<pdf width="1500px">https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-917/SDAD2012_7_Kravchenko.pdf</pdf>
<pre>
               !"!"# $%& '(!"!%") *+&%)) ,%-.!")/
                   * 0&%))12."#3.#4 56378                         ⋆



                                    !!" #$"%&'(!)*
                             !"#$% &'#(() (* +'(,(-!'./
      0$.$1%'# 1,2 +23'14!(,1) 5$,4$% (* 6,*(%-14!(, 71,1"$-$,4 8$'#,()("!$.
                    9!%:!'#,1;1 3)< ==>?/ @ABCDE 7(.'(F/ 03..!1

          !"#$%&#' G, !-:(%41,4 41.H !, (:!,!(, -!,!," !. 2$4$'4!," .3IJ$'4!K$
        $L:%$..!(,. !, 4$L4. 1,2 2!.4!,"3!.#!," 4#$- *%(- *1'431) !,*(%-14!(,<
          !"# )$L!'(, 2!K$%.!4; I$4F$$, 2!M$%$,4 2(-1!,. $L')32$. 4#$ :(..!I!)!4;
        (* *(%-3)14!," 3,!K$%.1) %3)$. 4#14 F(3)2 F(%H *(% 1,; 1%$1 (* H,(F)N
        $2"$< 6, 4#!. 1%4!')$ F$ .3""$.4 1 .()34!(, *(% 4#!. :%(I)$-< O$ 2$P,$
        4#$ *$143%$. 4#14 -(.4 (:!,!(,14$2 .$,4$,'$. .#1%$ 1,2 :%(:(.$ 1 '%(..N
        )1,"31"$ ')1..!P'14!(, (* .3IJ$'4!K$ $L:%$..!(,./ !))3.4%14$2 I; $L1-:)$.
        !, 03..!1,/ +,")!.# 1,2 5#!,$.$< O$ 1).( :%(:(.$ 1, 1)"(%!4#- I1.$2 (,
        4#!. ')1..!P'14!(, 4#14 "$,$%14$. 1 .$4 (* $L4%1'4!(, :144$%,. *(% 1,; 2(N
        -1!, *%(- 1 '(%:3. (* 3,41""$2 4$L4.< 8#$ '(%:3. %$Q3!%$. ,( 122!4!(,1)
        :%$:1%14!(, $L'$:4 *(% RS&N41""!,"< 8#$ $M$'4!K$,$.. (* 4#$ :%(:(.$2
        1::%(1'# !. $K1)314$2 *(% +,")!.# 1,2 03..!1, (, '())$'4!(,. (* 1::%(LN
        !-14$); =AA AAA .$,4$,'$. $1'#/ "14#$%$2 *%(- 4#%$$ 2!M$%$,4 2(-1!,.T
        3.$% %$K!$F. (, -(K!$./ #$12:#(,$. 1,2 :#(4( '1-$%1.<
        ()*+,$-". (:!,!(, -!,!,"/ .$,4!-$,4 1,1);.!.

      !"#$%&'(#)%"
+!( *, -'( ."/! &'"00(!1(2 *, *3/!/*! ./!/!1 /2 -'"- 2456(&-/%( (73$(22/*!2 %"$8
3$*,*4!908: 9(3(!9/!1 *! -'( 9*."/!; <'( (7"&- 2".( =*$9 *$ 3'$"2( ."8 *$ !"8
!*- 5( &*!2/9($(9 *3/!/*!"-(9 /! 9/>($(!- &*!-(7-2; ?*$ (7".30(: @2'*$- 5"--($8
0/,(@ /2 &0("$08 " !(1"-/%( *3/!/*!: "!9 @2'*$- "$-/&0(@ /2 2/.308 " 0/-($"-4$( 1(!$(;
    <'($( /2 " &4$$(!- -$(!9 -* ,*&42 *!08 *! ."&'/!( 0("$!/!1 -(&'!/A4(2 "2 "
=*$)"$*4!9 ,*$ -'/2 3$*50(.: (!-/$(08 9/2./22/!1 -'( 4!9($08/!1 0/!14/2-/& 2-$4&B
-4$(: 54- =( 2-$*!108 5(0/(%( /- /2 (22(!-/"0 -* -")( /- /!-* "&&*4!- "2 =(00;
    C- /2 ("28 -* 2(( -'"- -'($( "$( 3$*3($-/(2 -'"- 2456(&-/%( 2(!-(!&(2 2'"$(
"&$*22 9*."/!2D
     E8!-"&-/& 2-$4&-4$( *, 2456(&-/%( (73$(22/*!2 /2 2/./0"$ "!9 9*."/!B/!9(3(!9(!-:
⋆
    8#!. F(%H F1. '(,23'4$2 F!4# P,1,'!1) .3::(%4 *%(- 4#$ U(K$%,-$,4 (* 4#$
    03..!1, V$2$%14!(, W03..!1, 7!,!.4%; (* &'!$,'$ 1,2 +23'14!(,X 3,2$% '(,4%1'4
    Y @=<UZB<=@<AAEC (, [5%$14!," #!"#N4$'# :%(23'4!(, (* '%(..N:)14*(%- .;.4$-.
    *(% :%('$..!," 3,.4%3'43%$2 !,*(%-14!(, I1.$2 (, (:$, .(3%'$ .(*4F1%$ 4( !-:%(K$
    -1,1"$-$,4 !,,(K14!(, !, '(-:1,!$. !, -(2$%, 03..!1[<


                                          67
          !"# $%&'#()*+# ,!-.$ /0. #12-#$$*!0$ /-# .!"/*03*0.#2#0.#0) 4560#57 5)#-3
        -*6(57 58/2295:7
        ;2*0*!0/)#. $#0)#0(#$ %$%/<<9 (!0)/*0 "!-# )8/0 !0# $%&'#()*+# #12-#$$*!0
        /0. !=)#0 !((%- 0#1) )! #/(8 !)8#- *0 )#1)$>
        ?8!$# 2-!2#-)*#$ /<<!, %$ )! 60. !2*0*!0/)#. $#0)#0(#$ *0 )8# )#1)7 %$*0@
    .!"/*03*0.#2#0.#0) ,!-.$ /$ 2*+!)$7 /0. )8#0 )! #1)-/() .!"/*03$2#(*6( #13
    2-#$$*!0$ =-!" )8#"7 &/$#. !0 )8# #12#()#. $90)/()*( $)-%()%-# != !2*0*!0> ?8!$#
    #12-#$$*!0$ (/0 &# =%-)8#- )-/0$=!-"#. *0)! #1)-/()*!0 2/))#-0$ /0. %$#. *0 "*03
    *0@ /<@!-*)8"$>
        ?8#-#=!-# *) /<<!,$ %$ )! #1)-/() / <#1*(!0 != !2*0*!0/)#. #12-#$$*!0$ =!- $%(8
    .*+#-$# /-#/$ /$7 =!- #1/"2<#7 2!<*)*(/< 0#,$7 -#+*#,$ !0 "!+*#$ /0. -#+*#,$ !0
    (/"#-/$>
        A) *$ *"2!-)/0) )8/) 0! "/0%/< )/@@*0@ != )8# 2-!(#$$#. )#1)$ *$ -#B*-#.7
    ,8*(8 "*0*"*C#$ )8# 0##. =!- 8%"/0 2/-)*(*2/)*!0>

        !"#$% &' &#()(&)*+$, %$)+$)-$%
    D$ *) 8/$ &##0 "#0)*!0#. #/-<*#-7 !2*0*!0/)#. #12-#$$*!0$ $8/-# $90)/()*( $)-%(3
    )%-# &#),##0 .!"/*0$7 &%) )8#-# /-# .*E#-#0) ,/9$ != #12-#$$*0@ /0 !2*0*!0>
    F# 2-!2!$# / (</$$*6(/)*!0 != $%&'#()*+# #12-#$$*!0$7 &/$#. !0 $)%.9 != G0@<*$87
    H%$$*/0 /0. I8*0#$#> ?8!$# </0@%/@#$ ,#-# (8!$#0 /$ )8# "!$) 8#)#-!@#0#!%$
    #1/"2<#$ 3 H%$$*/0 8/$ =-## ,!-. !-.#- /0. / ,#<<3.#+#<!2#. "!-28!<!@97 *0 G03
    @<*$8 )8# ,!-. !-.#- *$ 61#. /0. "!-28!<!@9 *$ $*@0*6(/0)<9 <#$$ (!"2<#17 /0.
    I8*0#$# /<$! 8/$ 61#. ,!-. !-.#- /0. +#-9 2!!- "!-28!<!@9> A) *$ /<$! *"2!-)/0)
    )8/) I8*0#$# *$ / J!03A0.!3G%-!2#/0 </0@%/@#>
        F# ,*<< %$# )8# )#-" !"#$%& )! .#0!)# )8# )/-@#) #0)*)9 )8/) 8/$ &##0 (!"3
    "#0)#. !0> F# ,*<< /<$! %$# )8# 0!)*!0$ != 2-!2!$*)*!0> D 2-!2!$*)*!0 *$ )8#
    $#"/0)*( (!-# != / (</%$# !- / $#0)#0(# )8/) *$ (!0$)/0)7 .#$2*)# (8/0@#$ *0 $%(8
    )8*0@$ /$ )8# +!*(# !- *<<!(%)*!0/-9 =!-(# != )8# (</%$#>
         %&'#()*+# #12-#$$*!0$ (/0 &# .*+*.#. *0)! )8# =!<<!,*0@ (</$$#$K
I</$$ L '()*+%+& !)+,+!,-

        M#/)%-# !- (8/-/()#-*$)*($ ,*)8 #+/<%/)*+# "#/0*0@ *$ .*-#()<9 /))-*&%)#. )!
        )8# !&'#()>
        A) (/0 &# #12-#$$#. ,*)8 )8# =!<<!,*0@ )92#$ != 2-!2!$*)*!0$K
       L>/> .!/)*$&$ )0!)!1+&+!,2 !)+,+!, +1 $()0$11$3 "4 5 ,!6, )7051$8

            '(5/)*$1-
            ',9*+17-
            )8# $*)%/)*!0 $##"$ &/.7 N!80 *$ /0 !%)$)/0.*0@ 2/*0)#-
            :611+5,-
            OPQROSTS UVWOX7 YZPO[Z \][^[_ VQT[Z[US`a]X
             !"#$%& ' (!")!( 7 *+!&%+ )!,       -!&!( "
            .7+,$1$ ;<+,4+,=-


                                           68
         !"#      $%&' (&)*+&
                            ,- .%/01 $%&' 21&) %,&
                                                 /* 3) #0145
       !"#$%& ' (' )!"*!) - +$!&) (' '(&), *!- %. /!&!) "

       6%) 7"878$*9*80 :/0 ;) ,$)3 /$ / :8<74)9) $)09)0:)- / :87,4/ =)"; *$
       ,$)3 >?)"8 :87,4/ *0 @,$$*/0- A$%&'A *0 B%*0)$)C5
       D89 /44 )E/<74)$ /") :80$*$9)09 (8" ;)99)" *44,$9"/9*80 8( </9)"*/45

F5;5     !"#$%&% #'!#!()&)!*+ !#)*)!* )( %,#'%((%- ./ 0* 0-1%2&)3%
       #4'0(%5
       6,0"#$%(7
       6*8$)(4G
       9%) $8,03 *$ 9)""*H:
       9:(()0*G
       IJKL IMNOPMQORSTUV
       '%0&- 1 ""(23
        4)*%(% G
       W%0120 %)0 3&
                   /
       '%0&- 4 "5 )%%-

X5/5   ;*2!"#$%&% #'!#!()&)!*+ !#)*)!* )( 2!*3!$:&%- <)&4 &4% *!:*
       #4'0(%5 =%*)&)3% 20(%5
       6,0"#$%(7
       6*8$)(4G
       7%898Y$ 1")/9 Z,/4*92- 1")/9 Z,/4*92 8( 7%898$
       9:(()0*G
       JU[\L\O LMPO[QJ\ ]\Q\^_M]`V5
       $()$1 60!,(15789: #$%1%789:7;<
        4)*%(%  G
       38)$0Y9 8::," *0 B%*0)$)

       a9 *$ *<78"9/09 9%/9 9%) +8"3 AZ,/4*92A *9$)4( ;)/"$ /b):9*=) :80089/c
       9*80 *0 9%*$ :/$)5 d8" )E/<74)- A;*1 6e $:"))0A +8,43 ;) 8( 927) f5

X5;5   ;*2!"#$%&% #'!#!()&)!*+ !#)*)!* )( 2!*3!$:&%- <)&4 &4% *!:*
       #4'0(% #!)*&)*8 &! &4% !.1%2&5 >!")*0&)3% 20(%5
       6,0"#$%(7
       6*8$)(47
       %*1% Z,/4*92 7%898$
       9:(()0*7
       `IJO[QTUV g_O[QKgT`L hOQ_\J
       =&%>& 3"(/(&!, ; 1"%4
        4)*%(%7
       38)$0Y9 8::," *0 B%*0)$)



                                       69
          ! !"#$%&'(' %)#%#*+(+#!, #%+!+#! +* '-%)'**'. /0 1.2'"(+3'4

            5-1$%&'*6
            5!7&+*86
            "#"$%&' ()*%'&
            9:**+1!6
            +,-./,0.12345 67+,53
             ! "#$% &'(#%$
            ;8+!'*'6
            89$:;< () =;<&'>%;
                             "&'
            )#%) *+ ,#-. #! %'

         ?! ;#$%&'(' %)#%#*+(+#!, .'*")+/+!7 1 *+(:1(+#! +!3#&3+!7 (8' #/<
            2'"(4 =%+!+#! +* '-%)'**'. /0 1 3')/ %8)1*'4

            5-1$%&'*6
            5!7&+*86
            @:) A:B&) CDBE) F9%GEH=
            9:**+1!6
            0.1.IJ3 K4L0MJ L1J-,1LN
            /)0$' *+#12,. 3402'56789
            ;8+!'*'6
            O%;
              "&:9;" :P)& E9;
                            "% (A;
                                 BH)
            /)0$' :'4. *+#12,. 3402'

QH"** R! >+)'"( 1?'"(+3' "#!!#(1(+#!4

        SCT)G@ %* G:"D"G@)D%*)( C= %@* D)H"@%B& @B )&@%@%)* U%@: *@DB&' "V)G@%W) GB&X
        &B@"@%B&*! YBD )>"#AH)Z [\:) ]D)*%()&@ ^':@* "'"%&*@ GBDD9A@%B&[Z [A)BAH)
        GD%@%G%$) @:) 'BW)D&#)&@[!
        \:%* @=A) %* )>AD)**)( C= " GB#AH)@) ADBAB*%@%B&Z @:) *)#"&@%G BD%)&@"@%B&
        B_ BA%&%B& %* _BD#)( C= @:) *)#"&@%G BD%)&@"@%B& B_ @:) AD)(%G"@) "&( @:)
        "**BG%"@)( )&@%@=!

QH"** ! @**#"+1('. 1?'"(+3' "#!!#(1(+#!4
        SCT)G@ %* G:"D"G@)D%*)( C= " GH"** B_ *%@9"@%B&* "AA)"D%&' %& @:) *"#) @)>@
        BD *)&@)&G)Z C9@ &B@ D)H"@)( (%D)G@H= @B @:) BCT)G@! YBD )>"#AH)Z [`#ABW)DX
        %*:#)&@ D%*E*[Z [CB9':@ " &)U A"%D[!
        \:%* @=A) G"& C) )>AD)**)( C= " ADBAB*%@%B& B_ "&= _BD# "&( %* )>@D)#)H=
        :"D( @B ()@)G@ U%@: &"@9D"H H"&'9"') ADBG)**%&' #)@:B(*!

    a&"H=*%* B_ GH"**)* R "&( %* W)D= GB#AH)> "&( D)F9%D)* ())A *=&@"G@%G "&"H=*%*Z
    _BD @:%* D)"*B& U) U%HH B&H= _BG9* B& )>AD)**%B&* B_ GH"** b! c) U%HH "H*B *:BU
    @:"@ @:%* %* *9dG%)&@ %& #B*@ "AAH%G"@%B&*!



                                          70
    !"#$%&#'() *+,-.&#'/. ."0$.**'1(*
  !"# "$ "%&'&"'(#)* +)'#)',)+ ,"'#(&' -".) #/(' "') +012),#&3) )4%.)++&"'5 ('*
+"-) "$ #/"+) (.) -(6 1) *"-(&'7&'*)%)'*)'#8 9/).)$".)5 &$ ( +)'#)',) ,"'#(&'+
( *"-(&'7&'*)%)'*)'# +012),#&3) )4%.)++&"' ('* ( '): *"-(&'7+%),&;, "')5 :)
,(' )4#.(,# #/) !(##).5 &$ &# -(#,/)+ ('6 "$ #/) +6'#(,#&, %(##).'+ #/(# :) )4%),#8
    <"+# "$ #/) #&-) :) ,(' (!+" =>0)++= &#+ +)-('#&, ".&)'#(#&"'5 0+&'> #/) +)7
-('#&, ".&)'#(#&' "$ #/) %&3"# :".*8 ?# ,(' (,# (+ (' (**&#&"'(! (.>0-)'# :/)'
*)(!&'> :&#/ (-1&>0&#68
    9/&+ #(>>&'> -)#/"*+ :(+ ;.+# %."%"+)* 16 @!!)' A&!!"$ BCCD5 #/"0>/ +/) 0+)*
+/(!!": %(.+&'> &'+#)(* "$ +6'#(,#&, %(##).'+8 ?# .)E0&.)+ ( !(.>) )'"0>/ ,".%0+
#" %.",)++5 10# 0'(''"#(#)* #)4#+ (.) )(+6 #" ,"-) 165 +" )3)' &$ #/) ,!(++&;).
,(' !(1)! "'!6 FGH "$ #/) +)'#)',)+ (+ +012),#&3)5 &# :&!! +#&!! %."*0,) ( !(.>)
,"!!),#&"' "$ !(1)!)* +)'#)',)+8
  !"#$%& '()*+) "), )&+ +*-,. "-& /01/%01/2&, 0) 3*%, "), 02"%04
-&.$&4205&%678
    9/)+) (.) #/) 3&.2 ,!"+)*71(,I /)(*%/"')+ ?=3) /)(.* (# #/&+ %.&,)5 !"" #"
#$%&$"&5 '#('" !)& $*% "')#++5 $* "*,$- +&!.5 /*01*)%! +& -&"#($8

J) ,(' )4#.(,# #/) $"!!":&'> )4%.)++&"'+ $."- #/) )4(-%!)K
  3".. 0. 0)2&).&5 BL5 M5 *2D5 #6%) C81
  /01/. "-& )*2 ./-0%%5 BL5 M5 *2D5 #6%) C81
  )* .*9), %&"(5 BN(.#5 L5 LD5 #6%) O1
  4*#:*-2"3%& ,&.01)5 B *25 LD5 #6%) F
9/"+) )4%.)++&"'+ P:) :&!! ,(!! #/)- .&1#&)2.Q #/)' ,(' 1) $0.#/). #.('+$"-)*
&'#" !)4&,(! %(##).'+8 R"-) +)>-)'#+ -(6 ,"'#(&' '(-) "$ #/) )4(,# -"*)! #/)6
(.) *)+,.&1&'>5 :/&!) #/)6 ,(' &' $(,# 1) (%%!&)* #" ('6 "#/). -"*)! ". &#=+
$)(#0.)8 ?# &+ &-%".#('# #" .)%!(,) #/"+) '(-)+ :&#/ +"-) 0'&3).+(! !(1)!8
    9/) -)#/"* &+ (+ $"!!":+K @(,/ +)>-)'# &+ ;.+# ,"'3).#)* #" ( +)E0)',)8 @(,/
+)E0)',) )!)-)'# &+ ( :".*5 :/&,/ &+ .)%.)+)'#)* 16 1"#/ #/) :".* &#+)!$ ('* &#+
NSR #(> &' ( +)#8 ?' #/) #.(&'&'> *(#(5 (!! "12),# $)(#0.)+ ". "12),#+= '(-)+
(.) !(1)!)* ('* .)%!(,)* 16 #/) !(1)! T$)(#0.) (,,".*&'> #" #/) ".&>&'(! +)>-)'#
+6'#(,#&, +#.0,#0.)8
U". )4(-%!)5 #/) +)'#)',) +)>-)'#5 V?',!0*)* -)-".6 &+ +#&'>6W5 &+ #0.')* &'#"
#/) +)E0)',)K
X&',!0*)*5 *3YX-)-".65 LYX&+5 MYX+#&'>65 *2Y8
  $#). !(1)!&'>5 &# 1),"-)+ (' )4#.(,#&"' %(##).' P'"#) #/(# V-)-".6W &+ (' "17
2),# $)(#0.)QK
X&',!0*)*5 *3YXT$)(#0.)5 LYX&+5 MYX+#&'>65 *2Y5
U)(#0.) )4#.(,#&"' &+ %).$".-)* 16 -(#,/&'> #/) %(##).'+ :&#/ )(,/ +)'#)',)
+)>-)'# &' ( '): .)3&): #" )4#.(,# "12),# $)(#0.)+8 9/(# &+5 #/) :".* &' #/)
+)'#)',) +)>-)'# #/(# -(#,/)+ T$)(#0.) &' ( %(##).' &+ )4#.(,#)*
      +&-&!(. -)#/"* &+ *)+,.&1)* 16 Z&'> [&0 B\D8

                                       71
    !"#$%&"'(
  !" #$$ %&"'#("%) *#""%'+, -.$$ .+)%%) /% ,0/1%(".2%3 45!!,.+6 -5.(5 *#""%'+, "!
7%%* 0,0#$$8 '%90.'%, # 50:#+ %&*%'"3 ;.$!< #$,! *'!*!,%) # :%"5!) =!' :.+.>
:.?.+6 50:#+ *#'".(.*#".!+3 @5% :%"5!) ., /#,%) !+ # "%+)%+(8 != ,0/1%(".2%
%&*'%,,.!+, "! '%#**%#' .+ :0$".*$% ,0/1%(".2% ,%+"%+(%, .+ "5% "%&" :!'% !="%+
"5#+ "5% %&*'%,,.!+, %&"'#("%) /8 :.,"#7%3
    A$$ %&"'#(".!+ *#""%'+, #'% '#+7%) 0,.+6 # (!+).".!+#$ *'!/#/.$."8 :%#,0'%B
"5% *'!/#/.$."8 "5#" # ,%+"%+(% ., ,0/1%(".2% 6.2%+ "5#" # ,*%(.C( %&"'#(".!+
*#""%'+ #**%#', .+ ."3
    @5% %&#(" =!':0$# .,B
        P (subjective/patterni ) = subjf req(patterni )/f req(patterni ),
    -5%'% subjf req(patterni ) ., "5% ='%90%+(8 != patterni .+ ,0/1%(".2% "'#.+>
.+6 ,%+"%+(%,D #+) f req(patterni ) ., "5% ='%90%+(8 != patterni .+ #$$ "'#.+.+6
,%90%+(%,3
    A "5'%,5!$), #'% 0,%) "! ,%$%(" %&"'#(".!+ *#""%'+,3 E% (5!!,% %&"'#(".!+
*#""%'+, =!' -5.(5 pr(subkective/patterni ) > θ3 @5% "5'%,5!$) ., (5!,%+ :#+0>
#$$83

)   *+,#-,$".'
40''%+"$8 "5% :%"5!), != "%,".+6 ,%+".:%+" #+#$8,., ,8,"%:, #'% +!" =0$$8 )%2%$>
!*%)3 F!' "5., '%#,!+ -% 0,% # :%"5!) /#,%) !+ ,0/1%(".2% %2#$0#".!+, != ,:#$$
"%&" (!$$%(".!+ /8 #+ %&*%'"3
    G&*%'" :#'7, %#(5 *#""%'+ #, %2#$0#".2% !' %&"'#("%) /8 :.,"#7%D #+) *'%(.>
,.!+ ., "5%+ (#$(0$#"%) 0,.+6 "5% =!$$!-.+6 =!':0$#B
                                P = Nsubj /Nall ,
    -5%'% Nsubj ., "5% +0:/%' != (!''%("$8 %&"'#("%) *#""%'+, #+) Nall ., "5%
+0:/%' != #$$ %&"'#("%) *#""%'+,3 E% )! +!" %2#$0#"% '%(#$$D /%(#0,% != "5%
#:!0+" != %&*%'" -!'7 ." '%90.'%, #+) /%(#0,% "5., :%"5!) )!%, +!" *'!2.)% 5.65
'%(#$$ /8 )%,.6+D -5.(5 (#+ /% (!:*%+,#"%) /8 "5% (!'*0, ,.?% #+) #0"!:#".(
"#66.+63
    F!' "5% %2#$0#".!+ *'!(%,, "-! (!'*!'# != #**'!&.:#"%$8 HIIDIII ,%+"%+(%,
%#(5 -%'% (!$$%("%) =!' "5'%% $#+60#6%,3 A$$ "5'%% (!+,.,"%) != "5'%% *#'", > '%>
2.%-, !+ *5!"! (#:%'#,D %#'*5!+%, #+) :!2.%,3
    ;%,0$", ,5!- "5#" "5% #$6!'."5: :#+#6%, "! %&"'#(" !*.+.!+#"%) *5'#,%,
='!: "%&", != #$$ "5'%% )!:#.+,D "5!065 "5% #((0'#(8 ).<%',3 F!' )!:#.+, -."5
!/1%(".2% %2#$0#".!+ ('."%'.# #+) '%$#".2%$8 $!- $%&.(#$ 2#'.#/.$."8 J=!' %&#:*$%D
'%2.%-, !+ %#'*5!+%, #+) *5!"! (#:%'#,K ,5!-, 6!!) *'%(.,.!+B LMN /%=!'%
C$"%'.+6 #+) OIN #="%' C$"%'.+6 =!' ;0,,.#+ #+) PQN #+) OHN #(!'').+6$8 =!'
G+6$.,5D -."5 θ = 0, 93 F!' :!2.% '%2.%-, *'%(.,.!+ -#, :0(5 $!-%'D MRN /%=!'%

                                      72
 !"#$%&' (&) *+,-. (/"#$ !"#$%&' /0$ 1233%(& (&) -4. (&) *5. /0$ 6&'!%37 8%"7
θ = 0, 69
   :$#;%3%0& ;(& <# =()# 7%'7#$ <> %&;$#(3%&' θ, <2" %" !08#$3 $#;(!! ?(!># (&)
$#@2%$#3 ( 3%'&% ;(&"!> !($'#$ ;0$A23,

     !"#$%&'("#
B3 $#32!"3 3708, "7# A$0A03#) =#"70) (;7%#?#3 7%'7 #&02'7 A$#;%3%0& /0$ "#C"3 0&
;#$"(%& 32<D#;"3 (&) ;(& <# /2$"7#$ 23#) (3 ( ;0=A0&#&" 0/ 0A%&%0& #C"$(;"%0&
3>3"#=9 :$#3%;%0& ;(& <# #&7(&;#) <> %=A$0?%&' "7# 3%E# (&) @2(!%"> 0/ "7#
"$(%&%&' ;0$A0$(9
    F" %3 %=A0$"(&" "7(" "7# =#"70) $#@2%$#3 (!=03" &0 =(&2(! A$#A($("%0&, (&)
( ;0!!#;"%0& 0/ "#C"3 0& ;#$"(%& "0A%; ;(& <# #(3%!> (;@2%$#) /0$ #C(=A!# <>
3#($;7%&' /0$ 3A#;% ; ;("#'0$> %& 0&!%&# 3"0$#39
    G7# )%$#;"%0& 0/ /2$"7#$ 80$H %3 ;$#("%&' ( /2!! 0A%&%0& =%&%&' <(3#) 0& "7#
A$0A03#) (!'0$%"7= (&) ;!(33% ;("%0&9




                                     73
!"!#!$%!&
       ! "#$%&'&' (!) *#+,- .!/ 0+,1'2345+6%&1 7+66#$'8#1'4& 49 :;#,+#1';%
         <%=1 '& *$45%%>'&?- 49 :."@ ABBC) <$%&14) D1#,E) FF! GBH2G A! IABBCJ
      A! :$6#K4; .!:!) L'-%,%; 7!@!/ @'&?+'-1'5 04>%, M4$ "46F+1#1'4&#, 7%&2
         1'6%&1 .&#,E-'- 49 0%>'#) *$45%%>'&?- 49 1N% D&1%$&#1'4&#, "4&9%$%&5%
         3'#,4? ABBH) 04-54O! IABBHJ
      G! P#18';#--',4?,4+ Q!) 05L%4O& L!/ *$%>'51'&? 1N% -%6#&1'5 4$'%&1#1'4&
         49 #>R%51';%- '& *$45%%>'&?- 49 ."@S:."@ TTU) 0#>$'>) 7F#'&) "462
         F,+1%&-% V&';%$-'1E 49 0#>$'>) FF! UW2 X ! I TTUJ
      W! P+ 0! #&> @'+ Y!/ 0'&'&? #&> 7+66#$'8'&? "+-146%$ Z%;'%O- '& *$42
         5%%>'&?- 49 L332ABBW) 7%#11,%) [.) ABBW) FF! CX2 UU! IABBWJ
      H! P+ 0! #&> @'+ Y!/ 0'&'&? \F'&'4& 9%#1+$%- '& "+-146%$ Z%;'%O- '&
         *$45%%>'&?- 49 ...D]BW) Y4-14&) 0#--#5N+-%11-) V7./ ...D *$%--) FF!
         UHH2UCB! IABBWJ
      C! L4^#E#-N' _!) D&+' L!) <#1%'-N' L!) M+K+-N'6# <!/ "4,,%51'&? :;#,+#2
         1';% :=F$%--'4&- 94$ \F'&'4& :=1$#51'4& '& *$45%%>'&?- 49 D`"_@*2ABBW)
         Y%$,'&) (%$6#&E/ 7F$'&?%$) FF! HTC2CBH! IABBWJ
      U! @'+) Y!/ [%^ 3#1# 0'&'&?) 7F$'&?%$) Y%$,'&! IABBUJ
      X! @'+) Y!/ 7%&1'6%&1 .&#,E-'- #&> 7+^R%51';'1E '& P#&>^44K 49 _#1+$#,
         @#&?+#?% *$45%--'&?) 7%54&> :>'1'4&) "N#F6#& #&> P#,,S"Z") _a)
         V7.) FF! AHU2AXA! IAB BJ
      T! _48N4;       D!   IABBGJ     04$FN4,4?'5     #&>     7E&1#51'5     <%=1
         *$45%--'&?      I04>%,-     #&>     "46F+1#1'4&-J)      #;#',#^,%     #1
         N11F/SSOOO!#41!$+S>45-S_48N4;S6-41!F>9
      B! *4F%-5+ .!0!) :18'4&' \!/ *$4>+51 9%#1+$%- #&> \F'&'4&- 9$46 Z%;'%O-
         '& *$45%%>'&?- 49 P@<2:0_@* ABBH! Q#&54+;%$) "#&#>#/ ."@) FF!
         GGT2GWC! IABBHJ
       ! Z',4b :) ['%^% `!/ @%#$&'&? :=1$#51'4& *#11%$&- 94$ 7+^R%51';% :=F$%-2
         -'4&-) '& *$45%%>'&?- 49 :0_@*2BG) 7#FF4$4) `#F#&) FF! TU2 BW! IABBGJ
      A! <+$&%E *!/ D&9%$%&5% 49 7%6#&1'5 \$'%&1#1'4& 9$46 .--45'#1'4&) #;#',#^,%
         #1 !!"#$$%&'"()*!+,&('$-./0$1.$!2(*3456)!!78*58%7,"9: IABBGJ
      G! <+$&%E *!/ <N+6^- VF 4$ <N+6^- 34O&c 7%6#&1'5 \$'%&1#1'4& .FF,'%>
         14 V&-+F%$;'-%> ",#--'d5#1'4& 49 Z%;'%O- '& *$45%%>'&?- 49 ."@ ABBA)
         *N',#>%,FN'#) *.) V!7!.!) FF! W U2WAW! IABBAJ




                                   74

</pre>