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https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-984/abstract5.pdf
Improving the Odds for eHealth -
Continuing Education as a Socio-Technical Approach
Kirsti E. Berntsen
The Norwegian Research Centre for Electronic Patient Records (NSEP), Faculty of
Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
Kirsti.berntsen@ntnu.no
Abstract. This presentation portrayed eHealth in Norway as an issue in much
and increasing demand but with varied outcomes so far. Given the urgency, the
desired scope and reach of systems we deduce that continuing education in
health informatics is needed within the sector, both for healthcare workers and
those working with health ICT. This would contribute in a socio-technical
fashion to harness relevant experiences through reflection and learning. With
implicated actors participating, gaining and disseminating insights from
practice and its research, the odds for strategic informed innovation and eHealth
use would improve.
1 Introduction
While information and communication technology figures prominently in both the
healthcare sector and our private arenas, reports of its utility in actual use for health
care provision vary from the glorified to the horrified. The Norwegian Government’s
recent eHealth White Paper [2] states that expectations are high and opportunities for
development many, if efforts are strategically and correctly focused.
1.1 The Status of eHealth in Norway
Reports of the utility previous investments in IT for health care provision vary
greatly. In Norwegian media the past year, optimistic stories of newly acquired state
of the art mingle with more shaming tales of system updates and reports being sent on
minidisc by postal mail, patient data in the municipalities sent on by newly acquired
fax machines [1] and examples of patients dying because their referrals for urgent
treatment went missing somewhere in paper-cyber space. The eHealth White Paper
[2] states that expectations are high and opportunities for development many, if
efforts are strategically and correctly focused. Stronger national control with
coordinated action plans will now be established in order to address secure overall
communication and data access for health care provision. Key initiatives will be
aimed at development, research and innovation for the sector’s benefit. The backdrop
to this is a scenario of an aging population over the next decades, all over Europe, in
Copyright © 2013 by the paper's authors. Copying permitted for private and academic purposes.
In: H. Gilstad, L. Melby, M. G. Jaatun (eds.): Proceedings of the European Workshop on Practical Aspects
of Health Informatics (PAHI 2013), Edinburgh, Scotland, UK, 11-MAR-2013, published at
http://ceur-ws.org
90
need of more healthcare services than before. Apparently, there is work to be done,
systems to design, establish, maintain and revise – by someone.
1.2 Challenges Particular for eHealth?
Are there particular challenges for ICT use and development in the health sector in
Norway, as opposed to other public sectors? Reports claim that the coverage of
electronic health records (EHR) both in primary and specialist care in Norway are
amongst the highest in the world. On the other hand, these are described as separate
bins of information that do not lend themselves easily to interaction and
communication amongst the collaborating actors involved in on-going treatment with
a goal of fluent patient trajectories. There are never the less some characteristics that
are prominent in the public sector and in particular the health and welfare services.
Firstly it is mainly publicly funded, meaning that in fairness all solutions and
investments seek to be, and politically need to be, all encompassing. On the other
hand, funding and implementation often lies in the hands of local authorities meaning
that investments and strategies are locally produced and enforced. This results in
piecemeal performance and incomplete systems due to the number of decision
makers, limited funds for investment and adoption, - and varied priorities.
Secondly, design, introduction, use, maintenance and revision of information
systems for large scale organizational use have been found to be a troublesome
accomplishment regardless of sector. Reported problems range from impractical
functionality, lack of compatibility/integration, outdated technology/legacy systems
poor fit to organizational needs, poor usability or simply to the fact that the IS for
some reason fails to be adopted by users [3]. For instance a number of professions and
specialties have designed and implemented their own IS for their own particular need,
meaning that a single hospital has hundreds of different standalone systems in use. In
sum a range of socio-technical issues must be addressed to afford eHealth.
Thirdly, the abundance of professions, systems, routines, practices and
organizations involved – on top of the diversity of patient ailments and their personal
contexts, makes the provision of health care services an extremely complex system –
a wicked problem that cannot be altogether untangled. The impetus of this system to
keep on going in its original direction is considerable due to size, complexity as well
as the length of time it has been in operation – establishing and honing its
competencies and purpose, literally over centuries. While change is taking place,
especially medical progress, adapting both the organizations and its systems cannot
come easy. There is however one constant within this changing complex. While the
way medicine is practiced or organized today would hardly be recognizable for a 19th
century citizen, or doctor, the central roles within the system are still with us. Such as
the idea and purpose of being a practicing doctor, the meaning of being a practicing
nurse or a midwife would probably be recognizable to us if we today were to visit the
19th century hospital.
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2 Continuing Education in Health Informatics as Strategy
Of the many measures needed, we venture that the Government’s mentioned planned
development, research and innovation in the sector must include continuing education
for many already working in the sector – both for those with a health care background
or those with an ICT background. The urgency, as well as the desired scope and reach
of systems imply that we cannot rely singly on the next generation of newly qualified.
Harnessing the expertise of those already in the sector is vital to secure relevant
solutions and ownership in introduction, reorganization and maintenance.
2.1 NTNU’s Continuing Education Master Program in Health Care Informatics
NTNUs Continuing Education Master Program in Health Care Informatics may be
entered by both those with a bachelor or equivalent in a health care profession or
with an ICT profession. Also a minimum of 2 years working experience is mandatory.
As part time students they receive a few courses aimed at giving them a basic
knowledge of their counterparts’ discipline, but mostly they have a common
curriculum where they study together in multidisciplinary groups. Being confronted
with the realities and experiences of fellow students and insights from research is
central to establishing cross disciplinary communication and collaboration both in
their studies and for their working life. The first year of the four year program aims
for establishing some mutual language and common ground. The second year teaches
through practical projects methodologies that allow for bridging the gaps of differing
perspectives and objectives. Finally a two year master project allows the students to
put into practice and internalize insights from some of that which they have learned in
theory. The curriculum is shown below in Table 1.
Topics for health Topics for both groups Topics for ICT personnel
personnel
Master's thesis
Pilot study
Chosen theory (two topics)
Research Methods
Human-Computer Interaction
Epidemiology and Community
Medicine
System Development Clinical Information Systems Clinical Decision-Support Systems
IT, Organization and Collaboration in
Programming Medicine and Healthcare Services
Healthcare
Databases Introduction to Health informatics Introduction to Biology and Disease
Table 1. Courses given in the 4-year program. A student with a health education background will do the
topics in the first two columns. Those with an ICT background will do topics in the middle and right
columns.
Our aim is that our students may make informed choices with realistic ambitions
and strategies for systems design and their implementation and revision. Our starting
point being innovation grounded in practices with a usability focus.
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2.2 Experiences So Far
Five years into the running, the program has students, ages thirty to fifty, from all
over Norway. They form a balanced mix across gender and private or public
occupation. While a third has a technical background, the others include nurses,
doctors, radiographers, pharmacists and bioengineers. Pedagogically it is a challenge
to cater for the variety of backgrounds. On the other hand they are highly motivated
and inspired by new found language and understanding. “Finally, there is someone to
talk to about my experiences.” Discussion runs high both in class and group projects.
Several state that they feel more self-assured: “I plan differently now as I can support
my opinions”, or “Suppliers answer when I ask questions instead of moving on to
another issue.” But also they want hear of more success stories, rather than all the
potential difficulties and problems. For our teaching staff these students present an
opportunity for more contact with real organizational and technical life issues through
the case material these students often have access to.
However there also challenges to teaching these students, most of who are in full
time employment. Activities need to have flexible time frames, and they often need
more coaching time than ordinary students who stay on campus in the thick of things.
In terms of teaching outcome this is amply made up for by the level of understanding
many reach given their relevant experiences.
3 Conclusion
In striving for eHealth – not only do we need to acknowledge the legacy technologies
when new system are to be designed and used – we also need to attend to the social
legacies of the systems. Substantial change must come from within – and
accommodate the legacy purpose of activity for significant user roles.
Therefore, Continuing Education presents itself as a useful socio-technical
approach in addition to current strategies. With implicated actors participating,
gaining and disseminating insights from practice and its research, the odds for
strategic informed innovation and eHealth use should improve.
References
1. adressa.no. 2013, May 6th. Støre vil ha slutt på disketter og faks på norske sykehus (Støre
[Minister of Health] wants an end to diskettes and fax machines in Norwegian hospitals)
Adresseavisen. adressa.no, Polaris Media
2. St.Meld. 9, 2012-2013 "Én innbygger – én journal, Digitale tjenester i helse- og
omsorgssektoren" (One Citizen – One Record, Digital services in healthcare)
http://www.regjeringen.no/nb/dep/hod/dok/regpubl/stmeld/2012-2013/meld-st-9-
20122013.html?id=708609
3. Greenhalgh, T., K. Stramer, et al. (2010). "Adoption and non-adoption of a shared electronic
summary record in England: A mixed-method case study." BMJ 341:(c5814).