Towards Annotation using DAML+OIL
Sean Bechhofer Carole Goble
Information Management Group
Department of Computer Science,
University of Manchester,
Kilburn Building
Oxford Road
Manchester M13 9PL
UK
!! "#%$$& (')*
,
;-, S ,/@AMB.8,/23xMU35P,s+X\
ABSTRACT MOK5, 0@A4AE*,35P(47E S 47E*4AM2 ie4I3Q=?47@A@s[d,F2,/6/,9E*E50K*C35M02(2M3:0<35,
+-,/.102354761.8,93:0;0<3:0>=?4A@A@?B@70/CD0FE*4AG24IHJ6 023LK5M @A,N4A2O35P,QB(K5MR
=o,/[VK5,9E*M h(K569,/E)=?4A35PQ1c ¡¢¡ ¡14\ , \Ai;(03:0g;-,/E*69K54A[4A2(Gg35P,/4IK 6/M2(R
S 47E*4AM2TMUV35P(,W+-,/.102354A6YXZ,9[ \^]_G,/235E`=?4A@A@a2,/,/;b.8,c3:0 ;0<3:0 35,923c£ Uh(269354AM 20@A4I3%Cc\ m%2`BJ00EkK5,c3*K547, S 0@lijM S ,cK_35P(M E*,aK5,/E*M h-K56/,/E/\km%2>0;;-4AR K5,9E*M h(K569,/Ek=?4I35PZ¤9c8¡¥¦l§a.8,93:0;03:0f35PJ03kB-K5M S 47;(,9EkE*M.8,s472;(4IR
354AM 2 i4IUjK54A6cP1E*,/.10235476k.8,93:0;03:0e4AEnE*h(BB(@74A, ;ji35PME*,e0G ,/235Eo6/02 6/0354AM 2OMUx35P,86/M235,923fMUg0qK5,9E*M h(K569, \>nP4AEf4AEp0qUh(K*35P,cKVE35,9B
35P,/2F,/.8B(@7M CYK5, 0E*M 2(472(GNM S ,9Ka35P(,p.8,93:0;03:0i,92PJ026/4A2(GQ35P,94AK 0@AM 2G_35P,n=x0/CsUK5M.¨E*47.8B(@A,o35,935hJ0@022M3:0354AM 2(E/i0E35P(,n4A235,92(R
B(K5M6/,9E*E*472(GqBdM =n,cK \sra,9CN35M135P4AEa0B(B(K5M 06:PW4AEg35P(,VB-K5M S 4AE*4AM 2FMU 354AM2q=?4I35P4A2N35P,V+X©69M 235,93k47E?35PJ0<3?35P4AE_4A2-UMK5.10<354AM 2N=?4A@A@[d,
02(2M3:0<354AM 2 iJ[dM35Pq35P-K5M hGP>0h-35M .10354A6s02J;NPh.102q.8, 02E/\nmt2 06/6/,/E*E*4A[(@7,12(M3aM2@IC>35MNPh.102(Eg[(h(3f0@AE*Mq35MQE*MU3%=x0MUoE*,/.10235476s.8,93:0;0<3:01h(E*4A2G835P,s|_]e}N~awgm%~@702-R 4AE50<3547M2B(K5MBdM E50@AE1UMKq.8,93:0;0<3:0@702GhJ0G ,/EQ0K5,F0@IK5, 0;-CªK5,/69R
G h0G ,\enP(,p;-, S ,/@AM B(.8,/23?MU35P,a35MM @PJ0E_,9-BdM E*, ;Y082h.V[d,9K M.8.8,/2J;(0354AM 2(EnMKk6 02J;-4;(035,eK5,/69M .8.8,/2;0354AM2ExMU)35P(,gXZMK5@7;
MU)4AE*E*h(,/E_69M 269,9K524A2GL35P(,ehE*,aMU 0L@702(G hJ0G ,s@A4A,a|g]g}N~awgm%~ X4;-,LXZ,/[OvoM 2E*MK*354Ah.Xbvxci4A2OBJ0K*354A6/h(@70Kf35P,8®k,/E*M h-K56/,
UMK_E*,9.102354A6s022(M3:0<3547M2Y02;`=o,s;(4AE*6/hE*E?35P,9E*, \ |g,/E*69K54AB(354AM 2Q¯(K:0.8,9=nMK5N®_|e¯ 02J;1®_|a¯W+-6:P,9.101®k|a¯n +(*
° E*,9,VI± <dUMKx0s;(4AE*6/h(E*E*47M21MUj35P,xK5M @A,/EoMUj35P,/E*,?@702(G h0G ,9Ex02;
MUn²e}N~£²e}N~+6cP(,/.10-\sy_M =n, S ,cK iE*h(6cPF02(2M3:0354AM 2(Es=?4A@A@ [d,
MU)@A4A.84A35,/; S 0@Ah,g35Mp0h-35M .1035,/;QB(K5M69,/E*E*,/Ekh2@A,/E*En35P(,9C`E*PJ0K5,9E*M h(K569,/Ea0K5,V0696/,/E*E*4IR P(,/@ABa35Mk.8,9,93 35P(4AEK5, «h4IK5,/.8,/23[CaB(K5M S 47;(4A2Gk08tK5,9B(K5,/E*,/23:0<3547M2
[@A,12M3LM 2(@IC35M>Ph.102(E/i)[h-3L0@AE*MF35MF0h-35M .10<35, ;B(K5M69,/E*E*,/E/i MUk0YE*PJ0K5,/;Z6/M 2(6/,/B(35h0@A4AE50354AM 2DMUg0NB0K*354A6/h(@0Bd,9K*UMK5.84A2G`hE*,9R 08E*P0K5, ;jij6/M 23*K5M @A@A, ; S M6 0[h@70UMKg02(2M3:0354AM 2ij02;Q35P,/E*,f0E3:02;0K:;UMK>35P,/4IK>;-,/E*69K54AB(354AM 202;¬,9-6:PJ02(G , \·®k|a¯
+6cP(,/.10®k|a¯n +(*p4A35E*,9@AUf4AEQ0@IK5, 0 ;CK5,/69M G 2(4AE50[@A,W0EQ02M2(R
Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for 35M@AM GC£<-2(M =?@7,/;(G ,>K5,/B-K5,/E*,/23:0354AM 2b@702(G h0G ,¸O4I3Q3:0@7EQ0[dMh(3
personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are
not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies 69@0E*E*,/E_02J;`B(K5MBd,9K*354A,/Ea[4A2J0M S ,9K_=?4I35PY35PME*,f35P03g6 02>[d, \
6/@A, 0K5@IC1[d,k2,/69,/E*E50K*C£;-,/E*4IK:0[(@7,g472`MK:;-,9Ko35Mf;-,/E*69K54A[d,_K5,/E*Mh(K56/,9E nPhEx35P(,e@A47.84I35Ek0K5,a69@7,/0Kg02J;`,9-B@A4A6/4I3 \
4A2OE* h 86/4A,/23p;(,93:04A@l\W}qMK5,/M S ,9K iE*h6:PD;(,9E*69K54AB(354AM 2(EVE*P(M h@7;Z[d,
0.8,/20[(@7,e35M>¡ -8¡t* ¢ 5*¡¤ ¥(¦¥ q4IU 35P,cCq0m%2(U,9K5,/2(6/,L~ 0 C,9Kfwgm~I± ±cu02J;>@703*35,9K5@IC>|_]e}N~awgm~ li 0 &J0 S M h(KoMU35P,k|g]g}N~awgm%~N0B(B(K5M06cP\ |g]g}N~awgm%~Y0@A@AM<=?E
6
M 235M @AMGC`@702GhJ0G ,/En35P03x,935,/2;8®_|a¯n +( =?4I35PQ0V.ph(6cPLK54A6:P,9K 35P(,n;-,9HJ2(4A354AM2L02;p;-,/E*69K54AB(354AM 2VMUd69@0E*E*,/Ek6/M 2(6/,/B(35E:ciE*@AM35E?K5,9R
E*,93kMU).8M;-,/@A@A472(GLB(K54A.84I354 S ,/E/\ @70<3547M2E*P(47B(E:cio4A2;(4 S 4;-hJ0@7Eq472(E3:02(6/,/E:p02J;D0-4AM .8Ef=?4A35P(4A202
wgm%~A±±9)=n0Ea08@702(G hJ0G ,VB(K5M BdME*, ;>0Eg012(M<=?@A, ;-G ,fK5,/B(K5,9R M235M @AM GC\
E*,/23:0354AM 2Q@702GhJ0G ,eUMK?35P,_=o,/[N02J;1=n,/[-Rt[0E*, ;Q0B(B@A4A6 0354AM 2(E/\
wgm~Y6/MhB@A, ;1.8M;(,9@7@A4A2GVB(K54A.84I354 S ,/Eo69M .8.8M 2(@IC8hE*, ;14A2`UK:0.8,9R 2.1 Class Definitions
[J0E*, ;8M 235M @AM G4A,/E/i=?4A35P835P(,kE*4A.8B(@7,i6/@A, 02`02 ; o%¢ ¥j*¢p¤9 m%2a|_]e}N~awgm~i96/@70E*E);-,9HJ2(4I3547M2E0K5,oB-K5M S 47;-, ;g35P(K5MhG Pe35P(,
8¡¥(¦l§9¤xMU02L,9-B(K5,9E*E*4 S ,k|g,/E*69K54AB(354AM 21~M G476f|a~c\nP(,?UK:0.8, h(E*,eMU)0E*E*,9K*354AM 2(E_MKk0-4AM .8E/\nP(,/E*,s0E*E*,9K*3?35P03 i-UMKk,9(0.8B@A, i
B(K54A.84I354 S ,/EQU06/4A@A4I3:035,35MM@s[h4A@7;(4A2(G02J;M 235M@7MGCb,9-6:PJ02G ,i 0xB0K*354A6/h@706/M .8B(@A,9NHJ@A@A,9K5E/\pnP4AEe4AEa4A2W69M 23*K:0E3a35M`6/M 2 S ,92(R
=n,/[\ 354AM2J0@ UK:0.8,pK5,/B-K5,/E*,/23:0354AM 2WEC-E35,/.8E/i =?P(,9K5,84A2G,/2,9K:0@iE*@AM3
mt2N0LE*4A.84A@0 7 & i4\ ,\o0fUhE*ECQ6 0G 4 S ,9En|g]g}N~awgm%~q35P,e0[4A@A4I3%C`02; h(B \
&,9-4A[4A@A4A3tCs35Ma6/M .8BdME*,x6/@70E*E*,/Eo02J;VE*@7M35E35MeUMK5.¨2,c=,c-R
B-K5,/E*E*4AM 2(Euh(E*472(Ga[dMM @A, 02`69M 22(,/69354 S ,/E/ih2@A4A.84I35, ;p2(,/E354A2G 2.2 Property Definitions
MUo69@0E*Ea,/@A,/.8,/235E/id3*K:02(E*4I354 S ,p02J;Y4A2 S ,9K5E*,pE*@AM35E/iG,/2,9K:0@ ? K5MBd,9K*3%CF;-,9HJ2(4I3547M2EaG4 S ,/Ee35P,V2J0.8,VMUu35P,pB-K5M Bd,9K*3tCF02;
0<-47M.8E/i),9356 \Y¯MKV,9(0.8B(@7,i=n,`0K5,Q0[(@A,135M>;-,9HJ2(,8E*h(UR 0 @A@7M =?E80;;-4A354AM2J0@oB(K5M Bd,cK*3547,9EpMU?35P(,`E*@AM3p35M>[d,`0E*E*,9K*35, ;ji4l\ , \
H6/4A,/26cC6/M2J;-4A354AM2E1UMKQ6/M26/,/B-35E`0E1=n,/@A@a0EQ2(,/6/,/E*E5002J;`4A35E M2ª0FE*@AM3L6 02ª0@AE*MW[d,QE*Bd,/694AH, ;io02;D0Ep=?4I35Pª6/@70E*E8;-,/E*69K54AB(R
69M 269,/B(35E/\nP4AEL4AE8P(47GP@ICDhE*,cUh@x=?P(,/269M @A@70[dMK:0<354 S ,/@IC 354AM2E/i ;(M.104A2F02J;YK:02(G ,fK5,/E3*K54A69354AM 2Es6 02W[d,p0K5[(4A3*K:06/@70E*E
[(h4A@7;(4A2GpE*h[E3:023540@M235M@AM G 4A,/EgMKk=?P,/2NM235M @AM G47,9Ea0K5, ,c(B-K5,/E*E*4AM 2(EnE*h6:Pq0E?02(M 2C-.8M hE6/@70E*E?,9-B-K5,/E*E*4AM 2EoMK?[dMM @A, 02
K5,9hE*, ;MKp.8,cK5G , ; <³l\>nP,1.10BB4A2(GY0@AE*M>B(K5M S 47;(,/Ef0 69M .p[(4A2J0354AM2E MUj6/@70E*Eo2J0.8,/E 02;p6/@70E*Eu,9-B(K5,/E*E*4AM2E/i0G04A21,9R
.8,96cP024AE*.UMK35P,nB-K5M S 4AE*4AM 2pMUjB(K:069354A6 0@-K5, 0E*M24A2GaE*,cK*R 35,92J;(4A2(GV35P,g,9-B(K5,/E*E*4 S 4I3%CQMU3*K:0;(4I354AM 2J0@ UK:0.8,a@702(G hJ0G ,/E/\o]_@A@
S 4A6/,/Ex[C1,9-B(@7M4I35472(Gp4A.8B@A,/.8,9235,/;1|e~FEC-E35,/.8E/i-, \ G(\Ai(35P, 0E*E*,9K*354AM 2(EV.10;(,80[dM h(3VE*@AM35EV0K5,8h(E*, ;[C>35P,LK5, 0E*M 2,cK i 02;
¯0vn¨EC(E35,9. I± <l\WnP4AEp.8, 02Ea35PJ0<3L02ZM 235M@7MGCO,c-R .10/C14A2J;-h6/,gP4A,9K:0K56:P4A6 0@ K5,/@70<3547M2E*P(47B(E_[d,c3%=n,9,/2N6/@70E*E*,9E/\
B-K5,/E*E*, ;Z4A2O|_]e}N~awgm%~6 02ª[d,8K5, 0E*M 2(, ;OM S ,9Kp[CW35P,
¯0vnK5, 0E*M2,9KVE*,/,f+,/69354AM 2>\ c\ 2.3 Reasoning and DAML+OIL
nP,oK5,/0E*M 2(4A2GeE*,9K S 4A6/,/E)Mj,9K5, ;f[Cf0k|e,/E*69K54AB-3547M2L~M G 4A6xE*h(B(R
]ª8¡§*¦¥j+5*¡¢¡,#7n¤'¥( ¡§9¦l§_c¥d§' ¢¦¥g¦¥V-*(.A¡¥ (¡/c¤ BdMK*3835P,q;(, S ,9@7MB.8,/23102J;D4A269K5,/.8,923:0@?.104A235,/2J026/,QMUs02
18
0 -*(2o#9, \`®_|a¯n +(p ³u47EV0qB-K5M BdM E*,/;.8,/6:PJ02(4AE*. UMK M235M @AM GC ³ \Nyg4AG P(@ACWM B-354A.847E*,/;4A.8B@A,/.8,/23:0354AM2EaMU?E*Mh2;
;-,/B@AM C-4A2Gf.8,93:0 ;(03:0-\ |_]e}N~awgm~Y4AE?;(,9H2, ;10E_02Q,c-R 02J;86/M.8B@A,935,?3:0[@A, 0h(1E*h([E*h.8B-354AM 210@AGMK54I35P.8EoUMK S ,9K*C8,9R
35,92E*4AM 2ZMUx®k|a¯n +cij35P,cK5,/[C>.104A2Gq|_]e}N~awgm~ªM 2(R B-K5,/E*E*4 S ,?|a~ EuE*h6:P10@ E "!b6/028[d,khE*, ;L4A21E*B4I35,?MU35P,?P4AGP
35M@AM G 4A,/E8B0K*35470@A@IC_06/6/,/E*E*4A[@A,p35M`02C%®k|a¯n +tRt0/=x0|pi v¬E*h[(E*h.8,/Eg|pid=?P,/2>35P,VE*,93aMUn4A2J;-4 S 47;(h0@AE
]3A¡**¢a¡*§*¦t5§94 *ci0 S M 47;-472(Gx35P,)35,/.8B(3:0<354AM 2g35Mn35P-K5M<= 35P03a06cP(,/6:j\ 4A2(G(\]_2(2M3:0354AM 2(En6 02Q[d,gE35MK5, ;`E*,9BJ0K:0<35,/@ICQ02J;1B(K5M S 47;(, ; S 470
nP(4AEnB(K5M S 47;(,/Eo0f@703*354A6/,_MU;(,9H24I354AM 2(E/iK:02G4A2GsUK5M .^35P, E*M.8,q022(M3:0354AM2E*,9K S 4A6/,WMK8,9B(3f=?4A35P(4A2ª35P(,QB-K5M<CO4I35E*,/@IU:c\
G,/2,cK:0@s35M35P,OE*Bd,/694AH6 \ voM .8BdME*, ;;(,cHJ24I354AM 2(E>PJ0 S , nP(4AEk[d,/0K5Ek.102C`6/M .8B0K54AE*M 2(E?=?4I35PN35P(,e|a~+di(=?P(,9K5,s4A2E35, 0;
35P(,/4IKBdME*4I3547M2s47.8B(@A47694A35@ICe;(,935,9K5.84A2(, ;e0h-35M .10<35476/0@A@IC\nPhE MU 02(2M3:0354AM 2(Ek=o,s0K5,s0 ;(;(4A2Gp@74A2(-E/\
69@0E*E*4IHJ6 0<3547M2W4AEg0`;C-2J0.84A6sB(K5M69,/E*E_=?P(,9K5,V2(,9=69M .8BdMR m%2U0693V35P,1B(K5M S 4AE*4AM 2DMU_;-C-20.84A68@A472(472(GF0Eph(E*, ;Z[CW35P(,
E*4I354AM 20@ ,9-B(K5,9E*E*47M2Ea6 02W[d,p0 ;(;(, ;N35MQ02F,9-47E354A2(GqP4A,9K*R vxwgye+(z>B(K5M<{,/6c3u6/02L[d,xE*,/,9280E0g4A2J;fMUj022M3:0354AM 2 ° 4A2p35P4AE
0=n,L0K5,L4A2 S ,/E354AG0<354A2GQ35P(,
354AM26 022, S ,9KaP0 S ,L4A2E3:02(6/,/Es[d,/6 0hE*,LMUx4A26/M2E*4AE35,/2-R h(E*,eMU0VB(K5M C>l0E?=x0E?4A24I35470@A@ICN,9.8B@AM C, ;1[C135P(,e|a~+(c\
6947,9EkMKk6/M 23*K:0 ;-4A69354AM 2Ek4A2Q35P(,a.8M;(,/@\ M35,135P03V=?4A35P(4A2ªvxwgya+(zxi35P(,`B(h(K5BdME*,QMUg022(M3:0354AM24AE
2(M3 E*4A.8B@ICs35MeBdMBh@70<35,?0g2M =?@A, ;(G,x[J0E*,nUMKK5,93*K54A, S 0@i0E 35P(,
XP(,/286/@70E*E*4IUC(4A2(Gp02`M235M @AM GCi0a2-h(.p[d,9KMU 2(,9=E*h([E*h(.8B(R 022(M3:0354AM2E?=?47@A@[d,ah(E*, ;Q35M1;-,9K54 S ,a@A472(q026:PMK5EkUMK_M h(3t=x006/6/,/E*E
[d, \?nPhEx35P(,f@A4A.84I35Eg0[(K5M =?E*4A2G`B(K5,9U,9K5,/269, \sm%2>0;;(4IR
U, 0<35h(K5,/E8E*h(6cP0E8K5h(@7,9E86 02ª[d,N4A26/@Ah;(, ;ª0E8@70/C,9K5E/io6 0K5,9Uh@A@IC 354AM2 i35P(,s[(K5M =?E*,9Ke6/02N3:0 ,f6/0K5,sMU 35P,f;-4 L6/h@I354A,/EkMUu;(, 0@A472(G
B(K5,/E*,cK S 4A2(G35P,N[dMh2;(E1MUe=?P03Q6 02[d,qK5, 0E*M2, ;=?4I35P[(h(3 =?4I35PY[0 ;(@ICRlUMK5.8, ;qye?}N~ id08Bd,9K5,/2(2470@ B(K5M[@A,/. =?P,/2>;-, 0@IR
=?4I35PM h-3k,9-6/@AhJ;(4A2(GVU,/035h(K5,9Ek35P03k0K5,s;-,/E*4IK:0[(@7,\ 4A2(Gp=?4I35PqK5,/E*M h-K56/,/EkM 2`35P,e=n,9[ \ C`hE*4A2GL0LB@AhGRt4A2q0K56:P4I35,/69R
35h-K5, iJ35P(,V022(M3:035MKeP0Ee06/6/,/E*E_35M135P(,V|awa} M[-{%,/693a[(h4A@I3g[C
35P(,e[(K5M =?E*,9K_02J;q6 02N[J0E*,s02(2M3:0<354AM 2E?M2q35PJ0<3 \
3. ANNOTATION ¯4AG h(K5,a±xE*P(M =?E35P(,x[J0E*4A6k0K56:P4I35,/6c35h(K5,x35PJ0<3=o,k0K5,?,/.8B@AM CR
mt2`35P(47E?E*,/6c3547M2q=n,gB(K5,/E*,/23x35P(,e[J0E*476s00p=o,/[Y[(K5M =?E*,9Ke02;
0Q6/M @A@A,/69354AM 2DMU?M 235M @AM G4A,/E/iB(K5M S 4;-4A2GN022(M3:0354AM2Es=?P4A6cPD0I±<<l\ra,9CL35Ms35P,evxwgya+-z
0B(B(K5M06cPq47Ex35P(,s0[4A@A4I3%C`35M802(2M3:035,eK5,/E*Mh(K56/,/E?=?4I35PYE*,/.102354A6
.8, ;0<3:0 ° 35P4AEk.8,93:0 ;(03:0p4AE_35P(,/2Nh(E*, ;q35M8@A472(N;-M6/h.8,/235Ea4A2
BJ0@A472(I E -1MUV;(M6/h(.8,/235E:c\vxwgye+(z $ E
6/h(K*K5,923oB(K5M35M3%C-Bd,_,/.8B@AM C-En0sE*Bd,/6/470@A4AE3k[(K5M =?E*,9K?B@Ah(G 4A 2 n35P03
0B(B@A4A,/E?@74A2(-Ex35M8;-M6/h.8,9235E/\
BW35MY2M =ai)Mh(KVB(K5M35M3%C-Bd,/EsP0 S ,8hE*, ;Z0 S ,9K*CWE*47.8B(@A,10B(R
B(K5M 06:P \NXMK:;-R .10<356cP(472(GQ=?4I35P4A2Z35P(,L35,93VMU_;(M6/h(.8,/235EaPJ0E
[d,/,/2VhE*, ;s35Ma;(,935,cK5.8472(,n6 02J;(47;(035,x@A4A2f02(6cP(MKM B(BdMK*35h2(4I3547,9E/i
=?4I35P80e@A,9-4769M 2103*3:06cP(, ;V35Me35P(,xM 235M @AM GCLB-K5M S 47;(4A2(Gg35P,x[-K54;-G ,
[d,93%=o,/,/2Y35P,V;(M69h.8,/23g02J;N35P(,V6/M26/,9B(35E/\eX,L0K5,V2M =0<3s0
E3:0G,g=?P,9K5,_=n,g=?4AE*PQ35MV,/.8B@AM CL35P(,ghE*,gMU,c(B(@A47694A3?.8,c3:0 ;0<3:0
0E*E*M6/470<35, ;W=?4I35PF35P(,p;-M6/h.8,9235E ° 35P(4AEg=?4A@7@)K5, «h(4AK5,VE*,/.102354A6 ! K-TNBR#"%$'& E/K-O)(*OQ K-J#R)O%J#B(R
02(2M3:0<354AM 2Ep02;35MM @AEp=?P4A6:POU06947@A4I3:035,QB(K5M;-h69354AM 2DMUk35P(M E*,
02(2M3:0<354AM 2E/\
nPME*,xM 235M @AM G4A,/Eu.10/Cs[d,x[(h4A@I3)=?4A35PV35P,nP(,/@ABpMUd0_K5, 0E*M2,9K \
mt2Y0 ;(;(4I354AM 2iJ35P,s022M3:0354AM 2Y35MM@.10/CQh(E*,aUh2(69354AM 20@A4I3%CNB-K5MR
raM4 S h(2,/2>,93s0@\qI± <u;(4AE*6/hE*Es0BB-K5M06:P,9Ee35M`X,/[F022(M3:00@7@AM =?Ee35P,sh(E*,9Kg35M1E*Bd,/6/4IUC>086/M 2(6/,/B(3_35M1[d,Vh(E*, ;
UMK?35P,e022(M3:0<3547M2 \
-+ 0 S ,g35P,e022(M3:0<3547M2NE*,/E*E*4AM 2\
~M0;Q35P,gK5,9E*h@I35ExUK5M . 02q, 00NU0.847@A470K%h(E*,9K*RlUK54A,/2J;-@IC(>4A2(R
35,9K*U06/, \uMp;035,iE*M.8,aL;(M =?2(@7M 0 ;-EkMU35P,k35MM @PJ0 S ,e[d,9,/2
K5, «h,/E35,/;fUK5M.35P,?wg4A@7zu;f=n,/[LE*4I35, \ wg47@7z;V=x0Eo;-, S ,/@AMBd, ;V4A2
0 S 0i(02J;Q0E?0sK5,/E*h@I3x35P,_6/M .8BdM2,/235Enh(E*, ;`=?4I35P(472`35P,_47235,9K*R
U06/,?6 02L[d,o, 0E*4A@ICpK5,/h(E*, ;p4A2p35P(,x02(2M3:0<35MK \ mt2pBJ0FE*P(M =?E135P(,q6/M26/,9B(38[-K5M<=?E*,cK
=?4I35P>35P(,VE*4A.8B(@7,f6/M26/,/B- 3 - E*,/@A,/6c35, ; ° 35P4AEk=?47@A@)[d,
U0.847@A470Kk35M802CM 2,_=?PMLP0E?hE*, ;135P,swg4A@7z;N0B(B@A4A6 0354AM 2\
! K-TNBR$'&(L E#R2C R L R M MDL J J/K-L M
0YE*Bd,/6/470@74 0<354AM 2MUx35P, !!"#$$ ' $ $$
- ! !& )
=( - 7< B(K5MBd,9K*3%C\nP,>B(K5M S 4AE*47M2MUf02
®k|a¯ +-6:P,9.10ª[0E*, ;¬K5,9B(K5,/E*,/23:0<3547M2UMKF|g]g}N~awgm~
0@7@AM =?Eph(Ee35Mqh(E*,10Qh2(4IUMK5.K5,9B(K5,/E*,/23:0<3547M2UMKs35P,L02(R
2(M3:0354AM2 ° 35P(,Y02(2M3:0<354AM 2E8=?4A@A@_[d,N06/6/,9E*E*47[(@A,>35M02C
0G ,/23)35PJ0<3)h2;(,9K5E3:02J;-E35P,o022(M3:0<3547M2pE*6:P,/.10k02;f[0R
E*4A6®_|a¯n +(l0@I35PMhG Pe=?4I35P(M h(32M =?@A, ;(G,MU-|g]g}N~awgm~
MKK5,/0E*M 2(4A2Ge35P,?0G ,/23 .10/Cf2M3 [d,?0[@A,n35Me4A2-U,9Ku02Cf,9R
3*K:0p4A2-UMK5.10<354AM 2dc\
]k@A35,cK52J0354 S ,9@ACi=n,16 02OE*,92J;W35P(,Q022(M3:0354AM2Z35M>02O]k2(R
2(M3:0354AM2F+-,9K S 4A6/,eE*h(6cPq0E_]_22(M35, 0 \
¯4A2J0@A@ACi-4IU35P(,gMK547G4A2J0@ ;(M69h.8,/23n4AEo=?4I35P(472QM h-Kx6/M 23*K5M@li
! K-TNB(R$ LNM O%R H J & (L E#R =o,a6 02Q472(E*,9K*3x35P,e022(M3:0<3547M2N4A235MV35P,e;(M6/h(.8,/23 \)nP4AE
4AE/i_MUf6/M h-K5E*, ig0Z@7,9E*EqE50354AEU06935MK*CbE*M @Ah(354AM 2ig[(h(3`4AE`35P(,
0BB(K5M 06:PY35PJ03_PJ0Eg[d,/,92>0 ;(MB(35, ;N4A2>E*M .8,s, 0[(K5M =?E*,9K \p]K5,/G 4AM 2WMUu35P,L;-M6/h(R
.8,/23P0E)[d,/,/2fE*,/@A,/6935,/;VUMK022(M3:0<3547M2 \ nP(,x02(2M3:0354AM 2p35MM@IR wgh-Kq69h(K*K5,/23Q47.8B(@A,/.8,/23:0354AM 2Mj,9K5EqM2@IC35P(,FH(K5E3qMUV35P(,/E*,
[J0=?4I35PN35P,sE*,/@A,/6935,/;>69M 269,/B(3_4A2>02Y4A235,9K52J0@ ² ? M 4A235,9K*R @A47 ,f,c(B-K5,/E*E*4AM 2(EehE*, ;N35M147;(,/2354IUCQ35P,sK5,/G 4AM2WMU35P(,
E3*K5h6935h-K5, \ª¯4AG h-K5,N³WE*P(M =?EL35P,qE*4I35h0354AM 20U35,cK835P,Q022(M3:0nP(47EL=?4A@A@?35P,/2ªK5,/E*h@I314A2ª35P(,N®k|a¯
35P,e69M 269,/B(3xUMK5.84A2Gp35P(,a02(2M3:0354AM 2Y4AE?E*PM =?2 \uwg2(6/,e35P,e02(R E*P(M =?24A2¯4AGh(K5,F>=?P(4A6cP0G04A2PJ0EL35P,q69M 269,/B(31E*P(M<=?24A2
2M3:0354AM 2(E8PJ0 S ,q[d,9,/2.10;(, i 35P(,9K5,Y0K5,q0W2h.V[d,9KVMUa069354AM 2(E 4I3:0@74A6/E/\
35PJ0<3x=n,a.10/C13:0, \
+-0 S ,q35P,>022(M3:0354AM2 ikhE*4A2GO®k|a¯MKN0ZE*4A.84A@70K`K5,/B(K5,9R 4. DISCUSSION
*E ,923:0<354AM 2 \p¯4AG h-K5,1´1E*P(M =?Ee35P,p®k|a¯69MK*K5,/E*BdM2J;(4A2(GQ35M m%2q35P(4AEgE*,/69354AM2 id=n,sUM69hEeM2N35P(K5,/,f0K5,/0EeMUu4A235,9K5,/E3_=?P4A6:P
35P(,102(2M3:0<354AM 2O.10 ;-,80[dM S ,\qXZ,1002Z,935,/2(R P0 S ,x0K54AE*,/2`;-h(K54A2GeMh(K,9-Bd,9K54A,/2(6/,?MUj[h(4A@;-4A2GaM h-KB(K5M35M3%C-Bd, ¸
E*4AM2¬MUL35P,>Xbv022(M3:0354AM2E*6:P,/.10 F35PJ0<3YB(K5M S 47;(,/E !! " # $$ %' $ <$ - !
! ! "#$$& (' * J $ & !! " # $$ 7/' $ / $
! ! "#$$ $ $ <- ! !(& )
' $ =-( !! " #$$ %' $ $ ! "!
! K-T B(Ryx$ L M O%R H J &(L E#R K-J#QIO%LNGIH -R R8H(RE/E/K LNM
! K TNB(R$ &(L E#R J#R M MDL J J/K LNM ]^,cC>BdM 4A23sP,9K5,84AEa35PJ0<3f;(,/E*69K54AB-3547M2Es2,9, ;W2(M3s[d,L4A23*K5MR
; h6/,/;ph2354A@-35P(,9Cp0K5,k2,/, ;-, ;i=?P4A6:P8.8, 02(E35P03B(K5M S 47;(, ;V35P(,
-
-&& . "!# " #- /$&%%/% /'( ( ($) $ )*+ ), 69M .8BdM 2(,/235En06 02
/ ". -/ B(@70 CW0qB0K*3V;(h-K54A2GQ35P(,86/M 2(E3*K5h69354AM2ZBP0E*,LMUx35P,LM235M@AM GC\
+-5& "- /- "+ " / 2 " /2++1" -5-5 -&+/ ++-" .26 /+1 ,7 8 (9 :;<: &//+-&8 '95= ' 7 8 (9 :;<: /" 8 '95= >& 2 wgh-Kn6/h-K*K5,/23xB(K5M35M3tC(Bd,_E*4A.8B@IC1hE*,/EuUh2(69354AM 20@A4I3%C13:0,92`UK5M .
+-5 " + -/2/:+.//@2?:..A/@$ ?'A.A$ B$ 'AC$$ B(>@ C($' ('>@$ ( ''-5$ ++/2 " -/+/2 35P(,nwg4A@7z;V0BB@A4A6 0<3547M2p4A2fMK:;(,cK35Mg0@A@7M =D35P,hE*,cK35MkUMK5.69M .LR
-"D EF /GH-I "JKH&-F /L L 2 B(@A,9`6/M 2(6/,/B(3_;-,/E*69K54AB(354AM 2(E/\xnP(,f69h(K*K5,/23?B(K5M35M3tC(Bd,a.10,/Ex2(M
h(E*,8MU?02CFK5,/0E*M 2(4A2GF;(h-K5472(GN022M3:0354AM 2\N] BdM E*E*4A[@A,1hE*,8MU
bbM GGE NHH [[I LLFOII P&EP QF_GR&HS5]H S5ET UST URT URRVWRRVWRI ViXI XXI VXXX5cPcR_ GcF^RY PKEY FZY GLZ LHY GKYY G5F&P [MF ^[Y XFY dZFeZY QeY \&Qf X5X\XePgZ_X5P&H XKUELFPG]_ XKHH&hP][PE `5R_PHT ` HPT ^_&] LX \FY EF GH `aK]&L]F M Z U] M T K5,/0E*M 2(4A2GN=nMh@7;Z[d,L35MN,/2(E*h(K5,835PJ0<3s35P,86/M26/,/B-35hJ0@o;-,/E*69K54AB(R
b G H [LI M E NS5T URR VWI XX cccY cgY P M ^Xfjjj Xe&dXddk M E NkLl[ RF b k[L` T 354AM2EL=?P4A6:P0K5,q[d,/4A2GZ6/M2E3*K5h(6935, ;00E ! 02J; 7' i 2(M3:0<3547M2E/\eX4A35P>020BB-K5M06:P>@A47 ,V|_]e}N~awgm~i(35P,f6/@70E*E*,/E
[h-3L6/M.8B@A,9O,9-B-K5,/E*E*4AM 2E8E*h(6cP0E < & J =?4A35P '- 02; wv 02J;ZB-K5M Bd,9K*354A,/EV472ª02OM 235M @AM GCª0K5,Q;(,9H2, ;W[CZ0Y2-h(.p[d,9KsMU
' = : \nP4AE8.8, 02(Ep35PJ0<3102Cª022M3:0354AM 2ª35MM @?.ph(E3L[d, E3:0<35,/.8,/235E/\+-MxU0hEYE*M .8,c35P4A2G0[dM h-3>6 035EOl0ENK5,/B(K5,9E*,/235, ;¬[C
X,`6/02Z35P,92OhE*, O E/E/K OJ/K-LNM in0Ep;(,/E*69K54A[d, ;O0[dM S , i)35M 35P(,86/@70E*E !! "#%$$ ! % =- = ( / $ '' < ! ci?4A2ZBJ0vxwgya+-z 69@74A,/23`EC-E35,/. h(E*,/E835P, MK 6/M @A@A,/69354AM28MUd®k|a¯Q3*K54AB@A,/E:ci=n,x6 02L;-,935,9K5.84A2,35PJ030k6 034AE
02(2M3:0<354AM 2Eu35Mp;-,935,9K5.84A2,?@A4A24A2GfM BBdMK*35h2(4A354A,/En0Ex;-,/E*69K54A[d, ; 0fUh(K*K*Cq02(4A.10@\ny_M<=o, S ,9K i4A2NMK:;-,9K_35Mp-2(M =T35P(4AE/i=n,sP0 S ,e35M
4A2q.8MK5,s;-,93:04A@4A2 -i± <l\ 2(M<=0[dMh(3_35PM E*,fE3:035,9.8,/235E/id02;N=n,a35PhEkPJ0 S ,a35M1[d,p0[@A,
-&& . "!# " #- /$&%%/% /'( ( ($) $ )*+ ),
+"& ! "# (''' $ ' +"+0&")&,
/ *- /0 -/0"""2./ -/ -" / /&! +"# 0-&( '/'1' "$&'# ++ ""++0"0")),,32 "+0&"& 2
+ " *+ /"+/ /". -/ -" / /& +0-& /1 "# + " +0" ) ,4" -/ 3"+0&"& 2
& / " . -/ 1 "# / 0-/ 1 ""&6 +0 +5 ,7 8 ( 9 :8 ' 9 :;<: &0&+8 ' 9K=
+-5 "- /-"+"/2 /2+1 -5 -&/+ "2
' 78 (9 : 8 '9 :;<: 30 + K8 ' 9K= & 2
+-5 " + -/2/:+.//@2?:..A/@$ ?'A.A$ > $ 'A('$ >C$ ('(' C'$$ (''-5$ ++/2 " -/+/2
-D"E F G/H I -J"HF -L/L b G2 H [L I EF GH S5T URR VWI XX cccY EF GH Y P M ^Xdeef&Xe&gXEF GH hP_ H `5T
bb GG HH [[LL II MP E_N H&S]ET SURT UR ViRRI ViXX I XcXcc_ GY ^cg Y Z&Y LP M Y GK^XF [fjY jFjZXY Qe&d\&XXdP d_kH X5M PE N_kHL]lE `5[ RT F b k[L`T
DDEFEGF GH HI&_I b[JKG RH&H]F [LM LLL ]I MZERN _LP S5[ &NT URV5R VWF M I LXX] cl&cV5c ] Y ScgT EY FP GM ^HXI dZPeeHeHX]ZeRf X_P&M [5E NT mk&LZ&U] GF ` T m
DD X5EMEF GEF NWG HHII a5FI OJ] LPH&QF&R LMR S5L_mZT URR_RP VW[m I XXV5PRFRPY Z&LY GKF [ Y FZKY Q\ XKZP UL] XKP&[ RPH&P ^K_]&L&XK] H&] VUF [R L Y EF GH `F [_ GKFH T m ! K-TNB(R $ ( & /A BDR M J#R O%R
D EMF GE NH II MP&[] LMP QP VM Z] M]&S5R l T URR VWI XXVPRFRPKY Z L Y GKF&[Y FZY Q\ X5ZP UL ] X5P [RP HP ^5_] L&X5] H ] VUF [ R&LY EF GH `ZP GK]&L N M P GT m
DD X5EEF GF GH HI UI PF [L JMH&PF&V5LL] mM R lm
DDEFEGF GH HI JI QH[F L_LP&m[ N V5F M L] l&V5] ST EF GHI ZP HH]ZR_P&[5T m / 0&"5 $+& ' 2 +& "# (''$& '! +& "0&,
DDEEF GF GH HI JI PH&[F&L] &NLm V5F M L] l&V5] ST EF GHI ZP HH]ZR_P&[5T m
55 && ! ! " "## $ %(%'%' '' (' $ (()))-&*/+,+) &,
!
D EMF GE NWHII &UFOP_ [Q^R ST URR ViI XXV5PRFRPY Z LY GKF&[5Y FZY Q\&XKZP UL] X5P [RP H&P ^5_]&L&X]H&] VU F&[R LY EF GH ` [E_&FT m
+ 5 -""&"&#/*@ 23 + 1""."""#)*&2) . -"& - "&"#/#*2&2
DD&XK&XKDEX5EF GEF GFHG HI JHI P&HI [F UL] NL_ [&m ^m m
++&+& 4 /+" "0#"*2 &"2 $K ' +& " " /))0&."5 -"&"2 &"##*, +0 + & 2
"
DDEEF GF GH HI aKI P] [LR MM P_V5Z]R M_RP&l[m
D&DXKEMEF GFE NGH HII UM I ]&P&F&L[LJP QMHMPF VLZL]] mS5M R&T UlmRR VWI XXV5PRFRPY Z&LY GF [ Y FZKY Q\XZP&UL] XKP&[RP H&P ^_] LXK]H&] VUF [R LY EF G H `5_ L V5F M R 5P N T m ++ 445 ++&.1 4+ && 2 """" ))))..55 --"&"& & &""####**,,-.+&*2 0&#& 2
D DEFEGF G HHI JKI PH&[F L] L&Nm VF M L] &l V] S5T&EF GH I ZPHH&]ZR _P [T m
+& & .414+ +{ 2 +1". "" )).5 -"& &"##*,.* 0&# 2
D EMF GE NHII FUKOP_ Q[^R&S5T URR VWI XXVPRFRPKY Z&LY G5F [ Y FZKY Q\XZP&UL] XKP&[RP H&P ^_] LXK]H&] VUF [R LY EF G H ` [ E _FT m
+&5 &. 144++{ 2 +1". "" )).5 -"& &"##*, +0 + & 2
DD X5&XKDEXKFEGEF GFH G HI JHI PH&I [&UF&L] NL_ m[&^m m +& 2 4 +&.142 + 2
D&XKEF GHI UF LJKH&F&LLm
DD&XKX5D&EXKEF GEF GFHGHI JKHI QH&I aK[F L]&_LLP m[R &NM _mZR_P [m
$# ! K-T B(R $ J#E (R 1B M K4G %E
D X5EF GH I UF&LJHF LLm
DD X5&XKDEX5EF GEF GFH G HI JHI _HI aK[F L]RLL] mMR LM ]_ZZRR __P&P&[[m&N m
-"/ -" -/ 2
/2 -&0& 0&" 2 =?P(4A6cP`35P,a6/@70E*E*,9Eg00@I35,9K52J0<354 S ,aK5,/B(K5,/E*,923:0<354AM 2YUMKeE*,9R
! K-T B(R $ L GIH-R prq ! ( M M L J J#K-LNM .10235476V.8,93:0 ;(03:0`472)&Jh(,/26/,/;F[C>E*h[{,9693s4A2J;(4A6/,9EV0EeUMh2J;F4A2
[dMME/\¨¯(K5M . 0UMK5.10@_K5, 0E*M24A2GDBd,9K5E*Bd,/6c354 , i?35M B4A6>.10B(E
S
E*h)j,9KQ472E*M.8,Y=x0/C-EQ4A26/M.8BJ0K54AE*M2b35MO|_]e}N~awgm~ ° 35P(,
|_]e}N~awgm~@702G h0G,pB(K5M S 47;(,/Eg0LK5476:P>6/M @A@A,/69354AM2WMUo6/M26/,9B(3
UMK5.84A2GM Bd,9K:0<35MK5EFE*h6:P0E16/M2{%h26c3547M2 i?2(,/G0<3547M202;,9R
35Mf3:0@A10[dM h-3n35P,_hE*,_MU35P(,g6/@70E*E !! "#%$$ ! %=-= ( / $ B(@A47694A3V«hJ02354AH6 0354AM2d_=?4I35P=n,9@7@o;(,9H2, ;>E*,/.102354A6/E/i U06/4A@74I3:0<3*R
J''%< ! =?4A35P(4A2s35P(,u69M 235,93MU(35P(,/E*,E3:035,/.8,/235E/\nP4AE35P(,/2 4A2(G_35P,uhE*,uMUJK5, 0E*M 2(,9K5E E*h6:Pp0E35P,x¯J0 vnZEC-E35,/.35MgMK5G024 /,
K5, «h4IK5,/EshEs35MN[d,`0[(@A,135MqE*Bd,/6/4IUCZ35P(,86/M 235,93s=?4I35P4A2=?P(476:P 02J;`6/@70E*E*4IUCqP4A,9K:0K56:P4A,/E/\oMB4A6f}N0B(E_;-M(i(PM =n, S ,9K i-K5,/6/M G24AE*,
02q022(M3:0<3547M2N35PJ0<3?hE*,/Ex35P,g6/M 2(6/,/B(3?=n0Ek.10 ;(,\ 35P(,_69M 23:04A2.8,923o4AE*E*h,g=?4I35P135P,g4A2(6/@AhE*4AM 2QMU0VE*6/MB4A2GV.8,/6cP-R
yg0 S 4A2GY35P(,`69@0E*E84I35E*,/@IUg4AEL2(M3L,92M h(G P\ h(E3L[d,/6 0hE*,`35P, 024AE*.N\
6/@70E*E 47E G 4 S ,/2a[Ck35P, h(K5@ !! " #$$ ! % = = ( * / $ J'' < - ! i o=nMWB(K5M<{,/6935E16/M26/,cK52, ;O=?4I35PE*,/.102354A6q022(M3:0<3547M2ª=o,9K5,
=n,`6 02ª.10 ,`2(MF0E*E*h.8B-354AM 2Ep0[dMh(3p=?P(,9K5,135P,`E3:035,/.8,/235E +yawezF02;1wg235M[(K5M,9K \mt2p35P,_+yawez0BB-K5M06:PNI± <li(M235M @AMR
35PJ0<3o.10,xhBp35P(,?M 235M @AM GCLK5,/E*47;(,\)XZ,x.84AG P3e (5§9 35P0335P, G4A,/En0E3:0<35,/.8,/235E E*4I3*35472(Ga03o0 ,9K ,9(0.8B(@7,9E)B(K5M S 4;-, ;V35P(,nM 235M @AMGCL4AE)K5,9U,9K*K5, ;p35Me4A.8B@A4A6/4I35@IC °
E*4A2G @A, ®kmci02J;p0@I35,9K52J0<354 S ,?K5,9B(K5,/E*,/23:0<3547M2E MKuE35MK:0G ,?.8,/6:P(R B-K5,/E*h.10[@ICe4I3)4AE35P(,uK5,/E*BdM2E*4A[4A@A4I3%CsMU35P,69K:0/=?@A,9Ku0G,/2335Mg;-,9R
02(47E*.8Ex.10/C`[d,e,/.8B(@AM=?P,9K5,9[CN0`69M @A@A,/69354AM 2WMUuBJ0G,/Ea0[d,V6/M2(R
MUnK5,cU,9K5,/2(6/,L=?4I35P4A2=?P(476:PZ02Z022M3:0354AM 2W=x0Es.10;(, \L]^,9C E*47;-,9K5, ;4A2OE*M .8,L=n0/CO0t6/@AM E*, ;-WMKWt6/,/23*K:0@A4AE*, ;-0BB(K5M 06:P \
.8M354 S 0354AM 2UMKV35P,8hE*,1MU_M235M @AM G47,9EL4AEf35P(,Q0[4A@A4I3%C35MYE*P0K5, X4A35PD35P,Nvxwgya+-z^0BB(K5M 06:P ioBJ0G,/E`0K5,Y022(M3:035,/;ix02J;03
4A2(UMK5.10354AM 2 ¥d¡ ,9¦ ¤ \b|eh(,Q35M35P(,q.8,/6:PJ024A6/E8MUg35P, [-K5M =?E*472(G8MKkK5, 0 ;-4A2GL354A.8, i35P(,s02(2M3:0<354AM 2Eg0K5,a35P,92NhE*, ;`35M
®_|e¯ £|_]e}N~awgm%~WK5,/B-K5,/E*,/23:0354AM 2(E/i 35P(,9K5,f47E_35P-h(Eg08K5, «h4IK5,9R 0hG.8,/23_35P(,V;-M6/h.8,9235E/\ew_U6/M h-K5E*,f=?4I35P(472vxwgya+-z=n,f=?4A@7@
.8,/23UMK_ N ¦l§9¦¥jc¤5¤nP(,9K5, i,/2E*h-K5472(G_35P0335P(,oM 235M@7MGCs=?4I35P4A2 E354A@A@ K5, «h4IK5,L0q2h(.p[d,9K_MUx2(M<=?2;(M6/h(.8,/235EpMKf06/6/,9E*Ef35Mq0
E*,9K S 4A6/,<n4A2NMK:;-,9Kx35MLB(K5M S 47;(,e35P(,e@A472(472(Gp3:0K5G,935E/\ ° U MKQ,9(0.8B(@7,N35P(, 4AEQB(@0/C-4A2GZ35P(,NK5M @A,WMUV0ZB4A6935h(K5,YMU
? 0 S 0K5M3*354liu[h-3L35P,`,9CU06c35MK1P,cK5,q4AEL35PJ0<384I384AEL2M3102b¦¥
4.3 Instance vs. Aboutness ¤5 ¡¥J§:fMU ? 0 S 0K5M3*354\
]Uh-K*35P,9Ks,cC>«h,/E354AM 2F35MN0;;-K5,9E*Ee=?P,/2>=n,L69M 2E*47;-,9KV02(R mt3.10 Ce[d,u35PJ0<3 0?E*47.84A@70K0BB-K5M06:Ps=?47@A@P,9@7Bf4A2p;-, 0@A4A2Gk=?4I35P
2M3:0354AM 2W47Ee35P03aMUg¦¥(¤5 ¡¥d§: 0 S E/\q¡,'¥jc¤5¤5\1®k|a¯n +?PJ0E 35P(,e4A2E3:026/,<£0[dMh(352,9E*E_B-K5M [@A,/.N\
0O[h4A@I3Q472B-K5M Bd,9K*3tC 7 : #t! < " 35PJ03q0@A@AM =?ENhE`35MD.10,>0ER
E*,9K*354AM 2(Es0[dM h-3s4A2J;(4 S 47;(h0@)K5,/E*M h-K56/,/E/\L¯MKs,9(0.8B@A, ij3:0,V35P, 4.4 Related Work
®_|e¯ZE3:035,/.8,/23xE*P(M =?2N4A2Y¯4AG h(K5,L±/-\ ]_Eg;(4AE*6/hE*E*,/;W0[dM S , iwg235M[(K5M,9KL <02J;W+-yewezI± <=o,9K5,
B-K5M{%,/6935Es6/M26/,9K52(, ;F=?4I35PWE*,/.102354A6802(2M3:0354AM 2WhE*4A2GNM235M @AMR
/ *- /{0& 0"@ /" . +1-/".&& " "0 )#/).55 - "&-" "+6, 1+"1+ #/ &22 G4A,/E/\
/-&0 0&"2
wg235M]_2(2M3:035,q n4AEf0`35MM@uUMKf[h(47@7;-472(GqE*,/.10235476L022(MR
3:0<354AM 2E?UMKg=o,/[YBJ0G ,/E/\kygM =o, S ,9K id4I3_4AE_2(M3_6/@A, 0K_=?P,935P(,9K_35P(,
! K TNB(R#" $ & L CKE $ MT R 35MM@(4AE E*hB(BdMK*354A2G_35P,n6/M2E3*K5h(69354AM 2LMU0kK5,/@70354AM2E*P4AB8[d,93t=n,/,92
35P(,V=o,/[K5,/E*Mh(K56/,802J;>35P,LM235M@AM GCiMKs4AEs4A235,92J;(,/;>35Mq0@A@AM<=
35P(,aBdM B(h@70354AM 2qMUu0p2M =?@A, ;(G,s[J0E*,a=?4I35PY4A2(UMK5.10354AM2N3:0,/2
nP(47ExE50/C-Eo35P03n35P(,_K5,/E*Mh(K56/, !! "#$ $(& 7' ! */ $ ! :: $ UK5M . 35P(,eBJ0G , \
- ! J 4AE8024A2(E3:0269,qMU_35P,`6/@70E*E ! ! "#$$ ! =- = (
/ $ --' \D®k|a¯T4AEf=n,/@A@nE*,93phBZ35MF;(,/0@o=?4I35PDE*h6:P
0E*E*,9K*354AM2E/\DygM =o, S ,9K i35P,9K5,`.10/CZMU35,/2ª[d,QE*4I35h0354AM 2(EL=?P,9K5,
4.5 Concluding Remarks
+-,/.10235476_.8,93:0 ;(03:0s4AEkE*,c3x35MpB@70/CQ0V.10 {MK_B0K*3?4A2Q35P(,g4A.LR
=n,f=x023e35MQ.10,V02W0E*E*,cK*3547M2W35P03s01BJ035,cK5.8EgMUo4I35Eg6/M235,923ccidK:0<35P,9K ,9C`.8,/6cP02(47E*. UMK_E*hB(B@IC-472(Gp35P,a.8,c3:0 ;0<3:0V=?P4A6:Pq=?4A@A@35P,/2
35PJ02qE50/C-472(Gp4I3k4AE_02q4A2E3:026/,aMU)4I3 \]_Ek02Q,9(0.8B(@7,i-35P(,eBJ0G , [d,hE*,/;f[Cs0G ,/235E)0E35P,9CgK5,93*K54A, S ,o4A2-UMK5.10<354AM 2 \XZ,PJ0 S ,oB-K5,9R
!! " #$$ ( ! ' $ 4AE0[dM h-3o,9@7,9BPJ0235E/i[h-347E E*,9235,/;>E*M.8,p47;(,/0EeM202022M3:0354AM 2>35MM @)=?P(476:PF47Eg47235,/2;(, ;
2M3p4I35E*,/@IU_02O4A2E3:026/,1MUg02O,/@A,/BP023 ° =n,835PhEs2,/,/;ZE*M .8, 35MQE*hB(BdMK*3a35P,VhE*,8MUn|_]e}N~awgm%~ª4A2FK5,/E*M h-K56/,102(2M3:0<354AM 2 \
.8,/6:PJ02(4AE*.¬35PJ0<30@A@AM =?Eh(E35M_K5,9U,9K 35M_35P(,o6/M235,923 MUK5,/E*Mh(K56/,9E nP(4AEn4AE/i-35P(,g0h(35P(MK5EoUK5,/,/@IC`0 ;-.84A3 iE354A@A@dB(K5,9@74A.84A2J0, S 0@AhJ0<3547M2YMU 35P,a35MM@l\
M35,q35P038=n,YE*P(M h(@;ª2M3Q69M 2(UhE*,Y®k|a. ¯ $ E 7 : # - ! 0<3*R y_M =n, S ,cK i=n,sP0 S ,s0@IK5, 0 ;CN,/2(6/M h(235,9K5, ;NE*M .8,a4AE*E*h(,/E_K5,/@70<35472(G
3*K54A[h(35,L=?4I35P%0[dM h-352,/E*E*F0Ep;-47E*69hE*E*, ;ZP(,9K5, \qX4A35P(4A2O®_|a¯oi 35Ma35P(,_h(E*,_MU K5,/B-K5,/E*,/23:0354AM2EnE*h(6cP`0Eo|g]g}N~awgm~Y02J;8®k|a¯
7 : # - ! 4AEV0q.8,/6:PJ02(4AE*. 35PJ0<3aK5,/@7035,/EV0QK5,/E*Mh(K56/,L35MN®k|a¯ 4A2D35P4AE86/M235,c-3 \m%2ªBJ035P4AELB(K5M[@A,/. 4AEp35MF4A23*K5M;(h69,N0
2,9=K5,/@70354AM 2iE50/C # ! 02J;1hE*,k35P4AEo35MVK5,9@0<35, ;
35P,eK5,/E*Mh(K56/,9Eg35ML35P,a6/@70E*E*,/Eg35PJ0<3_K5,9B(K5,/E*,/23k35P,/4IK_E*h[{,/6c35Ee0E 5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
nP4AEo=oMK5p=n0ExE*hB(BdMK*35, ;8[C8z ? +-®kv _K:023 g®e£}Y ´<³\
4A2N¯4AG h-K5,1±± \ nP(,QB-K5M35M3%C-Bd,`022(M3:0<35MKp=n0EL4A.8B(@7,9.8,/235, ;[COn4A. }q47@A,/ER
M0K:;QMU)35P, 24 S ,cK5E*4A3tC1MUu+M h(35P0.8B-35M 2 \
-" //- +0& .01"@/-&@ +1" ./ "&. - / - """"/)/).+-&6 - ""&# 1 /+2 &&, // +& 2
/-&0 0&"2
6.I±9f+dREFERENCES
\ ,96cP(PMU,9K iJm:\y_MK*K5M6:E/idv_\ gM [(@7,id02;Q®s\d+35, S ,/2(E/\
! K-TNBR#"%" $ QDKE E/K-J#R KE C LNBDJ R)H Q M J/E
wg4A@7zu;j¸u0p®_,/0E*M 2-Rt0[@A,fwg235M @AMGCqzu;-4A35MK?UMKk35P,
+,/.102354A6gXZ,9[ \-m%2 % Q¡ (*¡ s¦# ¥ "%$'& ()(*+-, ¦¥
.k :8¡)¥ / 0"¤54c¦¡¥Z'§ #¥ 0 5c¥J§: #
¥ 0":¦ o§9¦l¡ 1$:¥(t ¦ c¥J§cci
nP(47EpE*M @ S ,/EL35P(47EpB(K5M [(@A,/.Ni[h(3VK5,/@A4A,/E1M 2ª0WE*P0K5, ;Dh2;(,9K*R
E3:02;(4A2GaMU35P(,?E*,/.102354A6/EMUM h-Ko,935,/2(E*4AM 2L35Me35P,?[0E*4A6_®k|a¯ 47,922J0id+,/B(35,9.p[d,9Kk ± \
.8M;(,/@k, \ G(\q35P , ' # ) ! ( B(K5M Bd,cK*3%Ce4AU?E*h(6cPZ02 <f+d\ ,96cP(PMU,9K iJ®s\+35, S ,/2E/ i V\ G(i]f\ 06/M [Ci02J;qv_\ ]f\
02(2M3:0<354AM 2N4AEx35ML4A235,9K5B(K5,935,/;Q6/M2E*4AE35,/235@IC\ gM[@A, \ gh(47;(4A2Gp35P(, E*,cK ¸o]k2Ywg235M @AMGCQ|gK54 S ,/2
®k,935h(K52(4A2GW35MM B(4A6}N0BE/ix35P(,Y0B(B(K5M06cPª35P,9K5,Y4AE835MO;-4AR mt235,cK*U069, \Jmt3 2 24$5$'67+985:¤ * ; ¥ 2¤9 $:¥t-0/¡§:c¤a
s¡ ¡<$:¥(tc¥¤5>¦ =? 6¤5tcV¤:iJBJ0G,/Ea±<´ ° ±/-±izu;-472[(h(K5G Pi
S 4;-,e35P,e=oMK5@7;YhBN4A2q35,9K5.8E?MUo M B4A6/E/id]_E*E*M6/470354AM2Ea02J;Ywg69R
6/h(K*K5,926/,/E/\ K5M0;(@ICTE*Bd, 04A2G-iVM B(4769E>0K5,ZK5,/@7035,/; S 470]_ER ± \dmzzzvoM .8B(h(35,9K_+M6/4A,93%C\
E*M6/470354AM 2(EZ02J;wg696/h(K*K5,/2(6/,/EYK5,/B-K5,/E*,/23F6/M 2(69K5,935,O.102(4IU,/E3:0M B(4A6/E/\MB4A6/E`6 02472(6/@AhJ;-,F[dM35P6/@70E*E*,/EY02; MME/i± +\
4A2E3:02(6/,/E14A2F35P(,L|a~ªE*,/2E*,<ci=?P4A@A,`wg6/6/h-K*K5,/269,/Es0K5,N¥ e4A2(R ³a|p\ K54A6:-@A,9Cq02; \ ®s\ ghPJ0\®k,/E*Mh(K56/,a;-,/E*69K54AB(354AM2
E3:02(6/,/EMUd35P,? M B4A6/E/\nPh(E69M 269,/B(35E@A47 , "
& ' 02; UK:0.8,9=oMK5`E*6cP(,/.10VE*Bd,/694AH6 0354AM2Z± \ -\(XbvTvn02;(47;0<35,
9 !!-& =?47@A@j[dM35P1M6/69h(K?0Eo35M B(4769E/i-=?4I35PQ0eK5,/@70354AM 2(E*P4ABq[d,9R ®k,/6/M.8.8,/2J;(0354AM 2iJ -\
3%=o,/,/2 9 !!-& 02J ; " & ' K5,/B(K5,/E*,92354A2(GW35P,QU06c3 ! ! "#$$ ' $ $ % 7 : =J J \
35PJ0<3pP(%, $ EL0YE*4A2G ,cK \Z] =o,/[DBJ0G,Q69M 23:04A24A2(G(iuE50 CZ 0 47.LR ´< \ K5M,/E3*K:0-id}W\ra@A,/4A2id+d\|e,96c,cK i(|V\J¯,92E*,/@i¯o\ S 02
0G,FMU ? 0 S 035P(,p4A2J;>MUoK5M@A,p35PJ0<3a35P, +6cP(,/.10-\-m%C 2 B §::*¢¦¥ ¤ 0C8 8D8C*)(+)-*E *(-*8A¢
M6/6/h-K*K5,/26/,>4AE`B@70/C(4A2(GO02;4I35E`K5,/@70<3547M2E*P(47B(E`=?4I35P35P(,N35M B4A6 8`¦l¢C 8Y# ,V'§ /¥ 0 *c¥d§:F +-G ¥ E" ¥ ij}N0/Cq-± \
f~ \dvn0